<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2730-5066</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Agrociencia Uruguay]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Agrocienc. Urug.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2730-5066</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Agronomía - Instituto de Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2730-50662024000201303</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31285/agro.28.1243</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Balancing nitrogen at the farm gate: Economic-environmental sustainability trade-off in pastoral dairy systems of Uruguay]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Balanceando el nitrógeno en la portera del predio: Sostenibilidad económica y ambiental en los sistemas lecheros pastoriles de Uruguay]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Equilibrando o nitrogênio no portão da propriedade: Sustentabilidade econômica e ambiental nos sistemas leiteiros pastoris do Uruguai]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stirling]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lussich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[La Manna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pedemonte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Artagaveytia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guidice]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fariña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chilibroste]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lattanzi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Colonia]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República Facultad de Agronomía ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Paysandú]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de la Leche  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Montevideo]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Tennessee Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Knoxville ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>nspe1</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2730-50662024000201303&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2730-50662024000201303&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2730-50662024000201303&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Uruguay´s dairy can potentially enhance milk productivity competitively, but intensification risks elevating nitrogen (N) surplus, heightening environmental concerns. This study quantified farm-gate N inputs and outputs, calculating N surplus (input-output) and N use efficiency (NUE=output/input) for 17 commercial modal dairy systems identified in the 2014 and 2019 national surveys and six prospective intensified systems based on experimental pastoral farmlets achieving near-maximal rainfed productivity. Current dairy systems maintained N surplus at 71 kg N ha-1 between 2014 and 2019 (range: 44-97 kg N ha-1) while improving NUE from 28.3 to 30.5% (range: 20-35%). Intensification increased N surplus without necessarily reducing NUE. Our analyses highlight three aspects: (i) comparatively low N surplus of current Uruguayan dairy, (ii) nonlinear links between N surplus and stocking rate, feed intake, milk productivity and operating profit, and (iii) inequality between dairy systems in their contribution to national dairy N surplus reflects mainly disparity in farm size. These insights underscore the crucial need for understanding the actual fate of N surpluses: nitrate leaching, ammonia volatilisation, N2 denitrification, or N accumulation in soil organic matter. This is an unavoidable requisite for designing management practices and policies able to effectively optimise the economic and environmental sustainability of Uruguayan dairy.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: La lechería uruguaya presenta la oportunidad de mejorar la competitividad en la productividad de leche. Sin embargo, la intensificación aumenta el riesgo de elevar el excedente de nitrógeno (N) y la contaminación ambiental. Este estudio evaluó las entradas y salidas de N predial, N excedente (entrada-salida) y eficiencia de uso de N (NUE=salida/entrada) de 17 sistemas modales (encuestas nacionales 2014-2019), y 6 sistemas intensificados basados en estudios experimentales de alta productividad de leche por hectárea en secano. Los sistemas lecheros actuales mantuvieron un N excedente de 71 kg N ha-1 entre 2014 y 2019 (rango: 44-97 kg N ha-1), y mejoraron la NUE de 28,3 a 30,5% (rango: 20-35%). De nuestro análisis se destacan tres puntos: (i) el N excedente comparativamente bajo de la lechería uruguaya actual, (ii) las relaciones no lineales entre N excedente y carga animal, consumo de alimento, productividad de la leche e ingreso de capital, y (iii) la contribución desigual entre los sistemas lecheros al excedente nacional de N de la lechería refleja principalmente la disparidad en el tamaño de los predios. Estos hallazgos evidencian la necesidad crucial de entender el destino real de los excedentes de N: lixiviación de nitratos, volatilización de amoníaco, desnitrificación de N2 o acumulación de N en materia orgánica del suelo. Este es un requisito ineludible para diseñar prácticas y políticas de gestión capaces de optimizar efectivamente la sostenibilidad económica y ambiental de la lechería uruguaya.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: A pecuária leiteira uruguaia apresenta a oportunidade de melhorar a competitividade na produtividade do leite. No entanto, a intensificação aumenta o risco de elevar o excesso de nitrogênio (N) e a poluição ambiental. Este estudo avaliou as entradas e saídas de N na propriedade, o excesso de N (entrada-saída) e a eficiência de uso de N (NUE = saída/entrada) de 17 sistemas modais (pesquisas nacionais 2014-2019) e seis sistemas intensificados com base em estudos experimentais de alta produtividade de leite por hectare em sequeiro. Os sistemas leiteiros atuais mantiveram um excesso de N de 71 kg N ha-1entre 2014 e 2019 (faixa: 44-97 kg N ha-1) e melhoraram a NUE de 28,3% para 30,5% (faixa: 20-35%). De nossa análise, destacam-se três pontos: (i) o excesso de N comparativamente baixo na pecuária leiteira uruguaia atual, (ii) relações não lineares entre o excesso de N e carga animal, consumo de alimentos, produtividade do leite e entrada de capital, e (iii) a contribuição desigual entre os sistemas leiteiros para o excesso nacional de N da pecuária leiteira reflete principalmente a disparidade no tamanho das propriedades. Essas descobertas evidenciam a necessidade crucial de entender o destino real dos excessos de N: lixiviação de nitratos, volatilização de amônia, desnitrificação para N2 ou acumulação de N na matéria orgânica do solo. Este é um requisito inegociável para projetar práticas e políticas de gestão capazes de otimizar efetivamente a sustentabilidade econômica e ambiental da pecuária leiteira uruguaia.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[grazing systems]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[whole-farm balance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[N losses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[N surplus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[N use efficiency]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[balance predial de N]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[contaminación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sistemas lecheros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[balanço de N]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[poluição]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[sistemas leiteiros]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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