<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-9339</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Odontoestomatología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Odontoestomatología]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-9339</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Facultad de Odontología - Universidad de la República]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-93392015000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Tratamiento de recesiones y defectos mucogingivales mediante injertos de tejido conjuntivo en piezas dentarias e implantes]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Treatment of recession and mucogingival defects using connective tissue grafts on teeth and implants]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bueno Rossy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jamil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Shibli]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República Facultad de Odontología Cátedra de Periodoncia]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Guarulhos Especialidad en Implantología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>26</numero>
<fpage>35</fpage>
<lpage>46</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-93392015000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-93392015000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-93392015000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Las recesiones gingivales son un hallazgo clínico frecuente. Son un problema estético, causan hipersensibilidad y dificultad el buen control de placa microbiana. En el caso de implantes las recesiones ocasionan problemas estéticos y su progresión parece no ser frecuente (1). Los procedimientos de cirugía plástica periodontal son los indicados en estos casos, y estas técnicas serán adaptadas&rdquo; para el tratamiento de áreas peri-implantarias (1). En la literatura existen diferentes propuestas de tratamiento, siendo el Gold Standard el injerto de tejido conjuntivo ya que nos ofrece una mayor tasa de éxito y predicibilidad]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Gingival recession is a common clinical finding that entails an aesthetic problem, causes hypersensitivity and hinders effective dental plaque control. In the case of implants, recession causes aesthetic problems and its progression does not seem to be so frequent (1). Periodontal plastic surgery procedures are indicated in these cases. These techniques must be adapted to treat peri-implant areas (1). While the literature presents different treatment approaches, connective tissue grafts have become the gold standard as they provide a higher rate of success and predictability]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Recesión]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cirugía plástica periodontal y peri-implantaria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[injertos de tejido conjuntivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[recession]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[periodontal and peri-implant plastic surgery]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[connective tissue grafts]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: Verdana;"><font size="-1">  <font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Tratamiento de recesiones y defectos mucogingivales mediante injertos de tejido conjuntivo en piezas dentarias e implantes</span></font><br style="font-weight: bold;">     <br style="font-weight: bold;">     <span style="font-weight: bold;">Treatment of recession and mucogingival defects using connective tissue grafts on teeth and implants</span>  </font></div>          <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: Verdana;">  <font size="-1">    <br>          <br>          <br>      Bueno Rossy Luis <a href="#1.">*</a> ,&nbsp; Ferrari Roberto<a href="#2.">**</a>, Shibli Jamil <a href="#3.">***</a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></font></div>          <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: Verdana;"> <font size="-1">    <br>          <br>          <br>      </font><font size="-1"><a name="1."></a>*Profesor Titular de la C&aacute;tedra de Periodoncia .Director de la Especialidad en Periodoncia, Universidad de la Rep&uacute;blica. Uruguay    <br>      Especialista en Implantolog&iacute;a, Universidad de Guarulhos. Brasil.</font><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      </span><small><a href="mailto:lb1234@adinet.com.uy"><small><span lang="ES-UY"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">lb1234@adinet.com.uy</span></span></small></a></small>    <br>     </font> <font size="-1">    <br>      <a name="2."></a>** Especialista en Periodoncia, Master en Implantolog&iacute;a, Profesor de la Especialidad en implantolog&iacute;a, Universidad de Guarulhos. Brasil.    <br>      <a name="3."></a>*** Master en Periodoncia, Doctorado en Periodoncia, Universidad de Araraquara. Profesor Director de la Especialidad de Implantolog&iacute;a, Universidad de Guarulhos Brasil.    <br>          <br>      </font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font size="-1">    <br>          <br>      <!-- big --><span style="font-weight: bold;">Resumen</span>    <br>         <br>      Las recesiones gingivales son un hallazgo cl&iacute;nico frecuente. Son un problema est&eacute;tico, causan hipersensibilidad y dificultad el buen control de placa microbiana.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      En el caso de implantes las recesiones ocasionan problemas est&eacute;ticos&nbsp; y su progresi&oacute;n parece no ser frecuente <a name="1a"></a><a href="#1">(1)</a>.    <br>      Los procedimientos de cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica periodontal son los indicados en estos casos, y estas t&eacute;cnicas ser&aacute;n &ldquo;adaptadas&rdquo; para el tratamiento de &aacute;reas peri-implantarias <a href="#1">(1)</a>.    <br>      En la literatura existen diferentes propuestas de tratamiento, siendo el Gold Standard el injerto de tejido conjuntivo ya que nos ofrece una mayor tasa de &eacute;xito y predicibilidad.    <br>       <br>      Palabras claves: Recesi&oacute;n, cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica periodontal y peri-implantaria, injertos de tejido conjuntivo.    <br>       <!-- big -->    <br>      <br>  <!-- /big -->      <small><!-- big --><span style="font-weight: bold;">Abstract    <br>          <br>      </span>Gingival recession is a common clinical finding that entails an aesthetic problem, causes hypersensitivity and hinders effective dental plaque control.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      In the case of implants, recession causes aesthetic problems and its progression does not seem to be so frequent <a href="#1">(1)</a>.    <br>      Periodontal plastic surgery procedures are indicated in these cases. These techniques must be adapted to treat peri-implant areas <a href="#1">(1)</a>.    <br>      While the literature presents different treatment approaches, connective tissue grafts have become the gold standard as they provide a higher rate of success and predictability.    <br>      <br>      Keywords: recession, periodontal and peri-implant plastic surgery, connective tissue grafts.<!-- /big -->     <br>       <br>       <br>   </small>        <!-- /big -->         </font><font size="-1">    <br>      Fecha de recibido: 11.03.15 - Fecha de aceptado: 27.07.15    <br>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>          <br>          <br>          <br>      </font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">    <br>          <br>      <span style="font-weight: bold;">Metodolog&iacute;a de la B&uacute;squeda Bibliogr&aacute;fica</span>    <br>          <br>      Se realiz&oacute; la b&uacute;squeda con las palabras claves mencionadas en las siguientes&nbsp; bases de datos: Pubmed, Timbo, Scielo y la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud.    <br>          <br>      &nbsp;    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      <span style="font-weight: bold;">Introducci&oacute;n    <br>          <br>      </span>La est&eacute;tica es uno de los motivos de consulta m&aacute;s frecuentes donde la implantolog&iacute;a&nbsp; y la periodoncia juegan un papel muy importante (<a name="2a"></a><a href="#2">2</a>- <a name="6a"></a><a href="#6">6</a>). El manejo de los tejidos duros y blandos peridentarios y peri-implantarios se ha transformado en una preocupaci&oacute;n de los cl&iacute;nicos <a name="7a"></a><a href="#7">(7)</a>. La zona est&eacute;tica es definida como el &aacute;rea limitada por el per&iacute;metro de los labios <a href="#7">(7)</a>. La&nbsp; odontolog&iacute;a est&eacute;tica rehabilitadora debe abordarse en forma integral donde el primer paso de todo plan de tratamiento debe ser la terapia b&aacute;sica <a name="8a"></a><a href="#8">(8</a>, <a name="9a"></a><a href="#9">9)</a>.    <br>      La Cirug&iacute;a Pl&aacute;stica Periodontal se define como el conjunto de procedimientos de cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica destinados a corregir defectos en la morfolog&iacute;a, posici&oacute;n y/o cantidad de enc&iacute;a en torno a los dientes <a href="#2">(2)</a>. Esta definici&oacute;n tambi&eacute;n se aplica para el manejo de los tejidos peri-implantarios. Algunas de sus indicaciones son: motivaciones est&eacute;ticas, situaciones de dif&iacute;cil control de placa microbiana en la zona de la recesi&oacute;n, previo tratamiento ortod&oacute;ncico en casos de movimientos de riesgo de causar recesi&oacute;n y previa rehabilitaci&oacute;n en zonas con ausencia de enc&iacute;a insertada <a name="4a"></a><a href="#4">(4)</a>. Actualmente surge el concepto de Cirug&iacute;a Pl&aacute;stica Periodontal Basada en la Evidencia&nbsp; la cual es definida como &ldquo;una evaluaci&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica de evidencias cient&iacute;ficas con significancia cl&iacute;nica con el prop&oacute;sito de investigar los efectos est&eacute;ticos y funcionales de defectos de enc&iacute;a, mucosa o hueso, basada en el conocimiento cl&iacute;nico y resultados centrados en los pacientes, tales como la percepci&oacute;n de las condiciones est&eacute;ticas, limitaciones funcionales, dolor, disconfort, sensibilidad radicular, nivel de sociabilidad luego de la cirug&iacute;a y preferencias (10). No siempre la percepci&oacute;n est&eacute;tica del odont&oacute;logo es la misma que la del paciente <a name="11a"></a><a href="#11">(11)</a>.    <br>          <br>      <span style="font-style: italic;">Definici&oacute;n, etiolog&iacute;a, clasificaci&oacute;n de recesiones gingivales y peri-implantarias    <br>          <br>      </span>    <br>      La recesi&oacute;n gingival se define como la exposici&oacute;n oral de la superficie radicular provocada por el dislocamiento del margen gingival en sentido apical&nbsp; a la uni&oacute;n amelocementaria <a name="12a"></a><a href="#12">(12)</a>. Se puede presentar en forma localizada como generalizada <a name="13a"></a><a href="#13">(13)</a>.    <br>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>          <br>      Son muy frecuentes, inclusive en poblaci&oacute;n de pa&iacute;ses desarrollados&nbsp; y con un muy buen control de placa microbiana <a name="14a"></a><a href="#14">(14)</a>. En cuanto a las recesiones peri-implantarias no se cuenta con datos epidemiol&oacute;gicos. En cuanto a su etiolog&iacute;a podemos diferenciar&nbsp; factores predisponentes y desencadenantes <a name="15a"></a><a href="#15">(15)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Factores predisponentes: Banda de enc&iacute;a adherida estrecha (banda de mucosa adherida estrecha), frenillo de inserci&oacute;n aberrante, malposici&oacute;n dentaria (malposici&oacute;n del implante), disarmon&iacute;as dentoesquel&eacute;ticas, fenestraciones y dehisencias &oacute;seas, biotipo periodontal.    <br>          <br>      Los biotipos finos predisponen a la recesi&oacute;n gingival o peri-implantaria (<a name="16a"></a><a href="#16">16</a>, <a name="17a"></a><a href="#17">17</a>) y condicionan los resultados de cualquier cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica, sea periodontal o periimplantar (<a href="#8">8</a>, <a href="#16">16</a>).    <br>          <br>      La colocaci&oacute;n de implantes en estos pacientes puede tender a recesi&oacute;n&nbsp; y cambios de color <a name="18a"></a><a href="#18">(18)</a>.    <br>          <br>      El biotipo periodontal&nbsp; as&iacute; como la integridad de las paredes &oacute;seas es muy importante a la hora de colocar un implante en &aacute;reas est&eacute;ticas (<a name="19a"></a><a href="#19">19</a>, <a name="20a"></a><a href="#20">20</a>), m&aacute;s a&uacute;n si se planifica una colocaci&oacute;n inmediata. La combinaci&oacute;n de injertos conjuntivos junto con la colocaci&oacute;n inmediata de implantes ha demostrado excelentes resultados, inclusive en aquellos sitios donde la pieza&nbsp; extra&iacute;da presentaba recesi&oacute;n y ausencia de enc&iacute;a insertada (<a href="#19">19</a>- <a name="23a"></a><a href="#23">23</a>).     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>          <br>      Factores desencadenantes: Traumatismo frente al cepillado, enfermedades inflamatorias de los tejidos gingivoperiodontales o peri-implantarios (Enfermedad Gingival por Placa, Periodontitis, Mucositis, Peri-implantitis) ,&nbsp; tratamiento ortod&oacute;ncico e iatrogenia profesional <a name="24a"></a><a href="#24">(24)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Los factores predisponentes influyen sobre la posici&oacute;n y estabilidad del margen gingival o mucoso (en caso de implantes), y&nbsp; los factores desencadenantes inciden en los predisponentes provocando la recesi&oacute;n periodontal o peri-implantaria. Se afirma que la falta de enc&iacute;a insertada/mucosa peri-implantaria en un paciente con&nbsp; un adecuado control de placa microbiana&nbsp; puede mantenerse en salud <a name="25a"></a><a href="#25">(25</a>, <a name="26a"></a><a href="#26">26)</a>.    <br>          <br>      La clasificaci&oacute;n de las recesiones gingivales m&aacute;s aceptada&nbsp; es la presentada por Miller, PD en el a&ntilde;o 1985 <a name="27a"></a><a href="#27">(27)</a>. Se basa en la situaci&oacute;n del margen m&aacute;s apical de la recesi&oacute;n respecto a la uni&oacute;n mucogingival y a la cantidad de tejido perdido (enc&iacute;a y hueso) en las zonas interproximales adyacentes a la recesi&oacute;n.    <br>          <br>      El Dr. Preston Miller indica un pron&oacute;stico para cada clase, &eacute;xito de cobertura total en las clase I y II de Miller, en la III pronostica cobertura parcial y las IV no indica cobertura radicular pero si sugiere aumentar la banda de enc&iacute;a queratinizada.    <br>          <br>      El tama&ntilde;o de las papilas, tipo de diente, grado de p&eacute;rdida de tejido &oacute;seo proximal tambi&eacute;n pueden afectar el pron&oacute;stico <a href="#9">(9)</a>.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>          <br>      El Dr. Francesco Cairo en el a&ntilde;o 2011 propone una nueva clasificaci&oacute;n:    <br>          <br>      R1- recesi&oacute;n gingival sin p&eacute;rdida de uni&oacute;n interproximal, el l&iacute;mite amelocementario (CEJ) proximal no es visible; R2- recesi&oacute;n gingival con p&eacute;rdida de uni&oacute;n interproximal. La p&eacute;rdida proximal es menor o igual que la vestibular, medida del l&iacute;mite amelocementario (proximal y vestibular) hasta el fondo de la bolsa; R3- La p&eacute;rdida proximal es mayor que la vestibular, medidas del CEJ al fondo de bolsa. Esta clasificaci&oacute;n utiliza como par&aacute;metro fundamental el nivel&nbsp; de inserci&oacute;n proximal. R1 se asocia a pacientes sanos; R2 y R3 se asocian a patolog&iacute;a periodontal. No toma en cuenta la cantidad de tejido queratinizado <a name="28a"></a><a href="#28">(28)</a>.    <br>          <br>      La clasificaci&oacute;n presentada por el Dr. Henry Salama (1998) hace incapi&eacute; en la importancia del hueso proximal y la presencia de la papila peri-implantaria para predecir la est&eacute;tica (<a href="#19">19</a>, <a href="#20">20</a>, <a name="29a"></a><a href="#29">29</a>).    <br>          <br>      Se considera recubrimiento completo cuando se logra situar el margen gingival a nivel de la l&iacute;nea amelocementaria, el surco gingival tiene una profundidad al sondaje inferior a 2mm y no&nbsp; hay sangrado al sondaje. Esta cobertura se puede lograr de forma primaria o secundaria. Esta &uacute;ltima se logra a trav&eacute;s de la migraci&oacute;n que sufre el margen gingival en sentido coronal&nbsp; en los meses posteriores a la cirug&iacute;a <a name="30a"></a><a href="#30">(30)</a>.    <br>          <br>      La altura y el grosor del hueso son los principales determinantes de la altura del tejido blando, factores como la morfolog&iacute;a dentaria, localizaci&oacute;n del punto de contacto y calidad del tejido blando pueden influenciar en su apariencia (<a href="#18">18</a>-<a href="#20">20</a>). Cuanto mayor es la recesi&oacute;n gingival menor es la posibilidad de cobertura radicular completa <a name="10a"></a><a href="#10">(10)</a>.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>          <br>      Las recesiones clase 1 de Miller presentan mejor pron&oacute;stico que las clase 2 de Miller <a href="#10">(10)</a>.    <br>          <br>      El&nbsp; tabaco juega un papel importante en el porcentaje de cobertura radicular&nbsp;a obtener <a name="31a"></a><a href="#31">(31)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Independientemente de la t&eacute;cnica de cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica periodontal utilizada todas son capaces de producir mejoras significativas en cuanto a&nbsp; los par&aacute;metros cl&iacute;nicos iniciales <a href="#10">(10)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Los tejidos blandos peri-implantarios son similares a los tejidos periodontales. Est&aacute;n compuestos por epitelio y una inserci&oacute;n conectiva paralela al implante con un tejido m&aacute;s fibroso y menor vascularizado que los tejidos periodontales <a name="32a"></a><a href="#32">(32)</a>. La cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica peri-implantar se indica en casos de tratamiento de recesiones peri-implantaria,&nbsp; ganancia del nivel cl&iacute;nico de inserci&oacute;n, aumento de largo y ancho de enc&iacute;a insertada y reconstrucci&oacute;n gingival.    <br>          <br>      En casos donde no existe p&eacute;rdida de tejido interproximal y ni exposici&oacute;n de espiras del implante las t&eacute;cnicas de cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica periodontal pueden ser empleadas dando lugar a estabilidad y est&eacute;tica de la futura rehabilitaci&oacute;n mejorando el contorno de los tejidos, aumentado la mucosa queratinizada, la altura de los tejidos blandos para evitar la impactaci&oacute;n de alimentos&nbsp; y los problemas de fonaci&oacute;n (<a href="#10">10</a>, <a href="#16">16</a>, <a name="33a"></a><a href="#33">33</a>, <a name="34a"></a><a href="#34">34</a>).    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>          <br>      Para facilitar la formaci&oacute;n de la papila es importante respetar el espacio mediodistal&nbsp; entre implantes de 3 mm&nbsp; y entre implante- diente de 1,5 mm. Conservar 2 mm de ancho de la&nbsp; tabla &oacute;sea vestibular prevendr&aacute; la p&eacute;rdida de dicha tabla y evitar&aacute; la recesi&oacute;n. En sentido apicocoronario el implante debe localizarse a 2 mm apical al l&iacute;mite amelocementario de la pieza vecina (<a href="#18">18</a>, <a name="35a"></a><a href="#35">35</a>).    <br>      Luego del tratamiento con injertos conjuntivos el periodont&iacute;metro penetra 1 a 2 mm en el surco. La cicatrizaci&oacute;n se da por un epitelio de uni&oacute;n largo tanto en diente como en implante (<a href="#10">10</a>, <a name="36a"></a><a href="#36">36</a>).    <br>          <br>      Todos los procedimientos de cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica peri-implantaria tienen mejor pron&oacute;stico , si los realizamos antes de colocar el implante <a href="#34">(34)</a>.    <br>      Evoluci&oacute;n de&nbsp; las t&eacute;cnicas quir&uacute;rgicas mucogingivales.    <br>      Hay indicios de t&eacute;cnicas quir&uacute;rgicas mucogingivales desde el 1900&nbsp; pero es a partir de la d&eacute;cada de los a&ntilde;os 50&nbsp; cuando comienzan a surgir&nbsp; t&eacute;cnicas m&aacute;s predecibles.    <br>          <br>      Los primeros tratamientos se realizaron mediante colgajos pediculados <a name="37a"></a><a href="#37">(37)</a>. Seg&uacute;n la direcci&oacute;n del desplazamiento pueden ser colgajos rotados o desplazados coronalmente. La necesidad de enc&iacute;a insertada perif&eacute;rica al &aacute;rea a tratar es la principal limitaci&oacute;n de estas t&eacute;cnicas <a name="38a"></a><a href="#38">(38)</a>. Se indican principalmente para tratamiento de dientes /implantes &uacute;nicos. Sus ventajas son la facilidad t&eacute;cnica y la est&eacute;tica lograda.    <br>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      Frente a la ausencia de tejido queratinizado se indicaban injertos libres <a name="39a"></a><a href="#39">(39)</a>. Sus principales desventajas son la est&eacute;tica y el manejo del &aacute;rea palatina. Es una t&eacute;cnica predecible para aumentar el ancho de enc&iacute;a insertada&nbsp;<a name="40a"></a><a href="#40">(40)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Karring, T en el a&ntilde;o 1974&nbsp; demostr&oacute; que las caracter&iacute;sticas del tejido epitelial son determinadas gen&eacute;ticamente por el tejido conectivo subyacente, lo que justific&oacute; el desarrollo de t&eacute;cnicas con injertos de tejido conectivo <a name="41a"></a><a href="#41">(41)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Primariamente descriptas por Edel en 1974, popularizadas por Langer y Langer en 1985 y&nbsp; modificadas por diversos autores (<a name="42a"></a><a href="#42">42</a>-<a name="49a"></a><a href="#49">49</a>).    <br>          <br>      Inicialmente indicados para incremento de la enc&iacute;a queratinizada, actualmente indicados para cobertura de recesiones gingivales, aumento de tejidos blandos en zonas ed&eacute;ntulas, aumento de tejidos alrededor de implantes o dientes, reconstrucci&oacute;n papilar, correcci&oacute;n de cicatrices, cambio de biotipo peridentario o peri-implantar <a name="50a"></a><a href="#50">(50)</a>.&nbsp; El injerto de tejido conectivo es considerado patr&oacute;n de oro cuando de cobertura radicular se trata debido a su previsibilidad, estabilidad en el tiempo, aumento de espesor y largo/ancho de enc&iacute;a queratinizada (<a href="#10">10</a>, <a name="51a"></a><a href="#51">51</a>).    <br>          <br>      Frente a la imposibilidad de su uso puede optarse como segunda elecci&oacute;n por colgajos desplazados a coronal combinados con matrices, sean al&oacute;genas o xen&oacute;genas. Como &uacute;ltima elecci&oacute;n optar&iacute;amos por colgajo desplazado coronal o regeneraci&oacute;n tisular guiada (<a href="#10">10</a>, <a href="#51">51</a>, <a name="52a"></a><a href="#52">52</a>).    <br>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      Debido a la escasa literatura asociando cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica periodontal a implantes, se recomienda adoptar los resultados obtenidos en dientes como gu&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica para aplicar en casos de recesiones/ defectos mucosos peri-implantarios. La elecci&oacute;n correcta del injerto (tama&ntilde;o y forma) junto a su cobertura completa por el colgajo avanzado coronalmente facilitar&aacute;n los resultados est&eacute;ticos <a name="53a"></a><a href="#53">(53)</a>.    <br>          <br>      El injerto de tejido conjuntivo es una herramienta indispensable en cirug&iacute;a mucogingival&nbsp; periodontal e implantol&oacute;gica tanto del punto de vista funcional como est&eacute;tico <a name="54a"></a><a href="#54">(54)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Son altamente est&eacute;ticos&nbsp; y predecibles para cobertura radicular y se reportan porcentajes de cobertura completa que llegan a 89% <a href="#53">(53)</a>.    <br>      El recubrimiento radicular medio es de 80,94 % y el recubrimiento radicular completo es de 46,63 % <a href="#51">(51)</a>. El postoperatorio es mejor con la utilizaci&oacute;n de injertos conjuntivos que con las t&eacute;cnicas de injertos libres.&nbsp; El doble aporte sangu&iacute;neo que recibe el injerto aumenta su tasa de &eacute;xito (<a href="#10">10</a>, <a name="55a"></a><a href="#55">55</a>, <a name="56a"></a><a href="#56">56</a>).    <br>          <br>      Existe una correlaci&oacute;n directa&nbsp; entre la tensi&oacute;n del colgajo y la reducida cobertura radicular as&iacute; como entre el espesor del tejido y el porcentaje de cobertura lograda, colgajos mayores a 0,8 mm de grosor son relacionados a un mejor pron&oacute;stico (<a name="57a"></a><a href="#57">57</a>, <a name="58a"></a><a href="#58">58</a>).    <br>          <br>      Diferentes t&eacute;cnicas fueron propuestas para la utilizaci&oacute;n de injertos: t&eacute;cnicas en t&uacute;nel (Raetzke,1985; Allen, 1994)(<a name="44a"></a><a href="#44">44</a>, <a name="45a"></a><a href="#45">45</a>); con la reposici&oacute;n&nbsp; del colgajo cubriendo en forma parcial un injerto conectivo con un ribete epitelial (Langer, B; Langer, L) <a href="#43">(43)</a>; con colgajos avanzados coronalmente con descargas verticales (Nelson, S; Wennstrom, J )(<a name="46a"></a><a href="#46">46</a>, <a name="47a"></a><a href="#47">47</a>); o sin ellas (Bruno, J.)<a name="48a"></a><a href="#48">(48)</a>; o con traslaci&oacute;n de papilas lateralmente (Harris, R)<a href="#49">(49)</a>.    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      En todas las t&eacute;cnicas el tama&ntilde;o del injerto excede la deshicencia &oacute;sea presente y es posicionado y suturado a nivel del l&iacute;mite amelocementario <a href="#53">(53)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Los injertos conectivos con ribete epitelial fueron utilizados por Langer y Langer (1985), Allen (1994), Raetzke (1985) (<a name="43a"></a><a href="#43">43</a>- <a href="#45">45</a>). Los injertos conjuntivos quedan con una parte expuesta en las t&eacute;cnicas descriptas por Nelson (1987), Bruno (1994), Wennstrom y Zuchelli (1996) <a href="#46">(46</a>- <a href="#48">48)</a>.&nbsp; La ra&iacute;z expuesta de la recesi&oacute;n en general es tratada con curetas <a href="#53">(53)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Hist&oacute;ricamente se realizaban colgajos mucoperi&oacute;sticos en la zona receptora, hoy d&iacute;a se prefieren colgajos mucosos que permiten mayor movilidad y cobertura del injerto <a name="59a"></a><a href="#59">(59)</a>.    <br>          <br>      <span style="font-style: italic;">Zonas dadoras</span>    <br>          <br>      Son el paladar, la parte interna de un colgajo mucoperi&oacute;stico o/y una zona desdentada <a href="#42">(42)</a>.    <br>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      La toma palatina en la regi&oacute;n entre canino y primer molar ha sido establecido como el procedimiento de elecci&oacute;n. El mayor grosor de la mucosa palatina se encuentra a este&nbsp; nivel y decrece hacia la zona molar. Se incrementa desde el margen gingival hacia la sutura palatina <a name="60a"></a><a href="#60">(60)</a>. Aumenta con la edad y es menor en mujeres <a href="#60">(60)</a>.    <br>          <br>      El grosor de la mucosa palatina y altura de la b&oacute;veda palatina son factores importantes a tener en cuenta al seleccionar la t&eacute;cnica de toma del injerto <a href="#60">(60)</a>.    <br>          <br>      En casos de paladares finos se sugiere tomar un injerto epitelio &ndash; conjuntivo. Una vez tomado se elimina el epitelio, se reposiciona en la zona dadora, se sutura y se coloca cemento quir&uacute;rgico. Esto permite tomar el injerto de forma m&aacute;s superficial evitando complicaciones en pacientes con biotipos finos. Colocar nuevamente el epitelio acelera la cicatrizaci&oacute;n de la herida <a href="#60">(60)</a>. Las arrugas palatinas (anteriormente), la ra&iacute;z palatina del primer molar (posteriormente) y el paquete neurovascular emergente del foramen palatino mayor (medialmente) son las referencias a tener en cuenta.    <br>          <br>      Con respecto a la forma del paladar y la posici&oacute;n de la arteria palatina, Reiser et al,&nbsp; (1996) identificaron tres posibles variantes anat&oacute;micas en el paladar; bajo, normal y alto. Basado en las medidas del arco el paquete neurovascular est&aacute; localizado&nbsp; a una distancia de 7, 12 o 17 mm del diente adyacente de acuerdo con esta clasificaci&oacute;n <a href="#54">(54)</a>. Respetar esta estructura evita eventos de hemorragias.    <br>          <br>      Son varios los&nbsp; tipos de incisi&oacute;n que proveen acceso al tejido conjuntivo.    <br>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      El factor decisivo inicial es s&iacute; obtendremos un injerto con un ribete epitelial o no. Originalmente fue inclu&iacute;do para proveer una mejor transici&oacute;n con el borde epitelial existente&nbsp; en casos de tratamiento de recesiones gingivales <a href="#43">(43)</a>. Luego se observ&oacute; que no se lograba mejor resultado est&eacute;tico si se manten&iacute;a el epitelio y que el resultado final depend&iacute;a b&aacute;sicamente del injerto conjuntivo. Tanto la naturalidad, forma y color del nuevo epitelio depender&aacute; del conjuntivo subyacente <a href="#41">(41)</a>. Tomar el injerto con un&nbsp; ribete de epitelio no permite una cicatrizaci&oacute;n por primera intenci&oacute;n en el &aacute;rea dadora llevando esto a dolor y posible hemorragia postoperatoria. Se han utilizado placas de acr&iacute;lico y hemost&aacute;ticos para evitar estos sucesos <a href="#43">(43)</a>.    <br>          <br>      Si la tira de epitelio no es tomada con el injerto podemos lograr la toma con una (t&eacute;cnica de incisi&oacute;n &uacute;nica) , dos (t&eacute;cnica de incisi&oacute;n angular) o tres incisiones (t&eacute;cnica de trapdoor). M&aacute;s incisiones aumentan la visi&oacute;n del tejido conjuntivo pero la vascularizaci&oacute;n del colgajo queda reducida pudiendo llevar a necrosis postoperatoria de dicho colgajo (<a href="#42">42</a>, <a name="61a"></a><a href="#61">61</a>, <a name="62a"></a><a href="#62">62</a>). La tendencia actual es la toma del injerto a trav&eacute;s de una incisi&oacute;n <a name="63a"></a><a href="#63">(63)</a>.    <br>          <br>      La t&eacute;cnica de una &uacute;nica incisi&oacute;n tiene las ventajas de excelente vascularizaci&oacute;n del colgajo cobertor, peque&ntilde;o n&uacute;mero de suturas, no necesita el uso de hemost&aacute;ticos o medidas compresivas, mejor postoperatorio y obtenci&oacute;n de injertos de dimensiones variables <a href="#59">(59)</a>.    <br>          <br>      La t&eacute;cnica de injerto pediculado palatino se describe como una alternativa al injerto conjuntivo convencional. Presenta&nbsp;&nbsp; mejor pron&oacute;stico ya que mantiene su nutrici&oacute;n y es m&aacute;s f&aacute;cil su estabilizaci&oacute;n. Se indica especialmente cuando se utiliza en combinaci&oacute;n con injertos &oacute;seos o membranas que dificultan su nutrici&oacute;n <a name="64a"></a><a href="#64">(64)</a>.    <br>          <br>      El factor com&uacute;n de las diferentes t&eacute;cnicas es la fijaci&oacute;n de un injerto de tejido conjuntivo sobre la superficie radicular a ser cubierta&nbsp; y por encima el colgajo que lo cubre total o parcialmente.    <br>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      Esto se logra con suturas aunque se describe la posibilidad del uso de cianocrilato con resultados prometedores <a name="65a"></a><a href="#65">(65)</a>.    <br>          <br>      En el caso de implantes con recesiones la t&eacute;cnica a emplear ser&iacute;a la misma <a href="#59">(59)</a>.    <br>          <br>      <span style="font-style: italic;">Cicatrizaci&oacute;n post-tratamiento</span>    <br>          <br>      Con la utilizaci&oacute;n de injertos conjuntivos o epitelio - conjuntivos logramos la formaci&oacute;n de un epitelio de uni&oacute;n largo con una inserci&oacute;n fibrosa <a name="66a"></a><a href="#66">(66</a>, <a name="67a"></a><a href="#67">67)</a> aunque algunos estudios reportan regeneraci&oacute;n en porcentaje variable <a name="68a"></a><a href="#68">(68</a>- <a name="70a"></a><a href="#70">70)</a>. Solo zonas que preservaron cemento fueron capaces de neoformar cemento <a href="#70">(70)</a>.    <br>          <br>      El periostio no tiene potencial regenerativo despu&eacute;s de ser separado de la superficie &oacute;sea por lo cual su presencia parece no condicionar el tipo de cicatrizaci&oacute;n que se dar&aacute; sobre la superficie radicular <a name="71a"></a><a href="#71">(71</a>-<a name="74a"></a><a href="#74">74)</a>. El trauma mec&aacute;nico de desplazar el periostio del hueso destruye la capa celular llamada &ldquo;cambium layer&rdquo; presente en el periostio, responsable del potencial regenerativo del mismo, poniendo en riesgo esta funci&oacute;n <a href="#59">(59)</a>.    <br>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      Relato del caso 1    <br>          <br>      Paciente de sexo masculino que concurre a la Facultad de Odontolog&iacute;a de la Universidad de la Rep&uacute;blica del Uruguay por retracci&oacute;n de su enc&iacute;a a nivel de la piezas 23, 24. Las recesiones son Miller tipo 1 <a href="#f1">(Figura 1)</a>.    <br>      </div>          <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: Verdana;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;" lang="ES-UY">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></font></div>          <div style="text-align: justify; font-family: Verdana;"><font size="-1">  </font></div>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><!-- big --><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span><!-- /big --><a name="f1"></a><img style="width: 328px; height: 382px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ode/v17n26/26a05f1.jpg"></font></p>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><small><small><font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></p>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="-1">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Como plan de tratamiento se indica: <o:p></o:p></span></font></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="-1">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      1- Terapia b&aacute;sica adecuando su t&eacute;cnica de higiene bucal a su situaci&oacute;n espec&iacute;fica</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"> bucal <a name="75a"></a><a href="#75">(75)</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">2- Tratamiento de la recesiones gingivales mediante un injerto de tejido conectivo.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>En este caso se opt&oacute; por realizar una t&eacute;cnica en t&uacute;nel. La toma del<span style="">&nbsp; </span>injerto se realiz&oacute; mediante una incisi&oacute;n &uacute;nica palatina <a href="#f2">(Figura 2)</a> <a href="#33">(33</a>, <a href="#63">63)</a>.</span></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <font size="-1"></font></div>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span><a name="f2"></a><img style="width: 333px; height: 232px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ode/v17n26/26a05f2.jpg"></font></p>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Resultado al a&ntilde;o del tratamiento <a href="#f3">(Figura 3)</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <font size="-1"></font></div>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span><a name="f3"></a><img style="width: 332px; height: 315px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ode/v17n26/26a05f3.jpg"></font></p>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>      Relato del caso 2<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Paciente de sexo masculino de 43 a&ntilde;os<span style="">&nbsp; </span>que concurre a la pr&aacute;ctica privada<span style="">&nbsp; </span>ubicado en la ciudad de Montevideo, Uruguay. Fue derivado para la reposici&oacute;n de la pieza 22 <a href="#f4">(Figura 4)</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <font size="-1"></font></div>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span><a name="f4"></a><img style="width: 333px; height: 343px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ode/v17n26/26a05f4.jpg"></font></p>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">    <br>      Frente a la morfolog&iacute;a gingival inadecuada a dicho nivel se procedi&oacute; a la colocaci&oacute;n de un injerto de tejido conjuntivo en el momento de la instalaci&oacute;n del implante <a name="76a"></a><a href="#76">(76)</a>. Vemos en la <a href="#f5">figura<span style="">&nbsp; </span>5</a> el resultado a los 6 meses<o:p></o:p></span></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;">  <font size="-1"></font></div>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><a name="f5"></a><img style="width: 331px; height: 236px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ode/v17n26/26a05f5.jpg"></font></p>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 70.9pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     </font> </p>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="-1"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">    <br>      </span></u></i><small><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-weight: bold;" lang="ES-UY">Conclusiones</span></small></small></small></small></small></font><small><small><small><small><font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></small></small></small></small></font></small></small></small></small></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Es prioritario un riguroso protocolo de diagn&oacute;stico para lograr &eacute;xito <a href="#29">(29)</a>. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Los injertos de tejido conjuntivo subepitelial son el gold standard en cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica periodontal/peri-implantar.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></font></small></small></small></small></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="-1">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">La reposici&oacute;n de tejidos, las &aacute;reas vasculares que los nutren as&iacute; como su fijaci&oacute;n son puntos b&aacute;sicos <a name="77a"></a><a href="#77">(77)</a>. La necesidad de enc&iacute;a queratinizada periodontal/peri-implantaria ha sido discutido infinitamente pero si existe la estabilidad tisular es m&aacute;s predecible <a href="#34">(34</a>, <a name="78a"></a><a href="#78">78)</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">En cuanto a cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica peri-implantar faltan estudios en la literatura, en el futuro se transformar&aacute; en una subespecialidad de la implantolog&iacute;a <a href="#34">(34)</a>. La ausencia de estudios controlados aleatorizados sobre cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica peri-implantaria se considera una limitaci&oacute;n para tomar conclusiones definitivas pero la transposici&oacute;n de indicaciones y resultados de la cirug&iacute;a pl&aacute;stica periodontal para su uso ha demostrado ser viable del punto de vista cl&iacute;nico <a href="#10">(10)</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">    <br>      Los procedimientos de manejos de tejidos blandos y duros tienen mejor pron&oacute;stico si se realizan previo a la colocaci&oacute;n de implantes. El acondicionamiento de estos tejidos los logramos tanto durante la inserci&oacute;n del implante como en la etapa de rehabilitaci&oacute;n <a href="#7">(7)</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">    <br>      Las tomas de injertos m&iacute;nimamente invasivas nos permiten tomar injertos de diferentes dimensiones con m&iacute;nimo trauma en la zona palatina.<o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></div>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="-1">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">    <br>      La ciencia y la tecnolog&iacute;a avanzan en cultivos celulares con el objetivo de poder reemplazar el injerto de tejido conjuntivo. Por otra parte han surgido<span style="">&nbsp; </span>biomateriales, homoinjertos (Alloderm) y heteroinjertos (Mucograft) con resultados promisorios pero todav&iacute;a no tan interesantes como los logrados con el uso de<span style="">&nbsp; </span>injertos de tejido conjuntivo <a href="#59">(59</a>, <a name="79a"></a><a href="#79">79)</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">    <br>      </span></u></i></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">    <br>      <span style="font-weight: bold;">Referencias</span>    <br>   <o:p></o:p>   </span></small></small></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="-1">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="1"></a><a href="#1a">1</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Chambrone L, Chambrone D, Shibli J.<span style="">&nbsp; </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Aplicaci&oacute;n de Cirug&iacute;a Pl&aacute;stica Periodontal en Implantolog&iacute;a:<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Cirug&iacute;a Pl&aacute;stica Peri-implantar. En: Implantolog&iacute;a Cl&iacute;nica Basada en Evidencia Cient&iacute;fica, ABROSS, 2012, Cap&iacute;tulo 8, 227-243.    </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><font size="-1">  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="2"></a><a href="#2a">2</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Miller PD. Regenerative and reconstructive periodontal plastic surgery: mucogingival surgery. Dental Clinic of North America, 1988; 32: 287-306.    <o:p></o:p></span></font></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small><small><small>  <small><small><small><small><small><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="3"></a><a href="#2a">3</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span></font><font size="-1"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Blanco J, Villaverde G, Barbosa R. Tratamiento de las recesiones gingivales con injertos de tejido conectivo. </span></font><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><font size="-1">Resultados tras cinco a&ntilde;os de evoluci&oacute;n. Avances en Periodoncia 2000; 12(1): 35-42.    </font><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></small></small></small></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style=""><a name="4"></a><a href="#4a">4</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">De Carvalho S, Ribeiro L, Coelho M.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="PT-BR"> Soluci&oacute;n est&eacute;tica para pr&oacute;tesis sobre implante. Full Dent Sci 2012; 4(13): 112-115.    </span></small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></font></small></small></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="5"></a><a href="#4a">5</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Magne P, Magne M, Belser U. Natural and restorative oral esthetics . Part I: Rationale and basic strategies for successful esthetic rehabilitations. J. Esthetic Dent. 1993; 5: 161- 173.    <o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></font></small></small></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""><a name="6"></a><a href="#6a">6</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Magne P, Magne M, Belser U. Natural and restorative oral esthetic . </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Part III: Fixed partial dentures . J. Esthetic Dent. 1994; 6: 15- 22.    <o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></font></small></small></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""><a name="7"></a><a href="#7a">7</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Saadoun A. Periodontal implications in implant treatment planning for aesthetic results. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Pract. Periodont Aesthet Dent, 1998; 10 (5): 655-664.    <o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></font></small></small></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style=""><a name="8"></a><a href="#8a">8</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="PT-BR">De Jes&uacute;s Tavarez R, Santos A, Silva A. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Remodelaci&oacute;n del contorno gingival como forma de optimizar el resultado est&eacute;tico de pr&oacute;tesis fijas anteriores. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Full Dent. Sci, 2012; 4(13): 5-15.    <o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></font></small></small></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style=""><a name="9"></a><a href="#9a">9</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Blanco J,&nbsp;Ramos I. Single Implant- Supported Restorations in the Anterior Maxilla. Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent 2005; 25:149-155.    </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></small></small></font></small></small></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style=""><a name="10"></a><a href="#10a">10</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Chambrone L, Pannuti CM, Tu YK, Chambrone LA. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Evidence- based periodontal plastic surgery. II. An individual data meta-analysis for evaluating factors in achieving complete root coverage. J Periodontol 2012; 83: 477-490.    </span></small></small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style=""><a name="11"></a><a href="#11a">11</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Cooper G, Tredwin C, Cooper N. 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<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="45"></a><a href="#45a">45</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Allen A. Use of the supraperiosteal envelope in soft tissue grafting for root coverage. II. Clinical results. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 1994; 14: 303-315.    <o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""><a name="46"></a><a href="#46a">46</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Nelson S. The subpedicle connective tissue graft. A bilaminar reconstructive procedure for the coverage of denuded root surfaces. J. Periodontol 1987; 58: 95-102</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;     line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""><a name="47"></a><a href="#47a">47</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Wennstrom J, Zuchelli G. Increased gingival dimensions. A significant factor for successful outcome of root coverage procedures? A 2-year prospective clinical study. J. Clin Periodontol 1996; 23: 770-777.    </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""><a name="48"></a><a href="#48a">48</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Bruno J. Connective tissue graft technique assuring wide root coverage. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1994; 14: 127-137.    </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""><a name="49"></a><a href="#49a">49</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Harris R. The connective tissue and partial thickness double pedicle graft: a predictable method of obtaining<span style="">&nbsp; </span>root coverage. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">J. Periodontol 1992; 63: 477-486.    <o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="50"></a><a href="#50a">50</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Azzi R, Etienne D, Takei H, Fenech P. Surgical thickening of the existing gingiva and reconstruction of interdental papillae around implant-supported restorations. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2002; 22: 71&ndash;77.<o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style=""><a name="51"></a><a href="#51a">51</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Chambrone L, Faggion CM Jr, Pannuti CM, Chambrone LA. Evidence-based periodontal plastic surgery: an assessment of quality of systematic reviews in the treatment of recession-type defects. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">1110&ndash;1118.</span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="52"></a><a href="#52a">52</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Roccuzzo M, Bunino M, Needleman I, Sanz M. Periodontal plastic surgery for treatment of localized gingival reces- sions: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2002;29: 178&ndash;194.<o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""><a name="53"></a><a href="#53a">53</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Harris R. The connective tissue and partial thickness doubl&eacute; pedicle graft: a predictable method of obtaining root coverage. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">J. Periodontol 1992; 63: 477-486.    <o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: black;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="54"></a><a href="#55">54</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; color: black;" lang="EN-US">Reiser GM, Bruno JF, Mahan PE, Larkin LH. The subepithelial<o:p></o:p> connective tissue graft palatal donor site: Anatomic considerations for surgeons. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 1996; 16: 130&ndash;137.<o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style=""><a name="55"></a><a href="#55a">55</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"></span></span></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY">Chambrone L, Chambrone D, Pustiglioni FE, Chambrone LA, Lima LA. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Can subepithelial connective tissue grafts be considered the gold standard procedure in the treatment of Miller Class I and II recession-type defects? J Dent 2008; 36: 659-671.     </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><o:p></o:p></span></small></small></font></small></small></div>          <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: justify;"><small><small>  <font size="-1"><small><small><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="ES-UY"><span style=""><a name="56"></a><a href="#56a">56</a>-<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;" lang="EN-US">Harris R. 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