<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-499X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Urug. Cienc. Polít.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-499X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Ciencia Política.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-499X2025000101405</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26851/rucp.34.2</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[¿Más vale diablo conocido que diablo por conocer? Continuidad y cambio en las elecciones generales de Panamá de 2024]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Better the devil you know than the devil you don't? Continuity and change in Panama's 2024 general elections]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[É melhor um demónio conhecido que um demónio que será conhecido? Continuidade e mudança nas eleições gerais de 2024 no Panamá]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perelló]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lucas]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Diego]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Florida Atlantic University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Maryland  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-499X2025000101405&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-499X2025000101405&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-499X2025000101405&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: En 2024, Panamá tuvo una de las elecciones más disruptivas desde su transición democrática. Los votantes castigaron al bloque dominante de partidos compuesto por el partido de gobierno, el Partido Revolucionario Democrático (PRD), y la principal coalición opositora integrada por Cambio Democrático (CD) y el Partido Panameñista (PAN). Desde 1999, los tres partidos habían obtenido más del 50 % de los votos en todas las elecciones presidenciales. Sin embargo, en 2024 recibieron menos del 20 % de los votos. Las elecciones legislativas y locales produjeron resultados similares. Es decir, los votantes hicieron notar que querían un cambio en el rumbo del país. Pero aquella demanda se expresó de dos formas notoriamente distintas. Por una parte, un segmento del electorado reivindicó el liderazgo y propuestas del expresidente Ricardo Martinelli (2009-2014), a través de la candidatura de Raúl Mulino, el ganador de las elecciones. Por otra parte, una porción relevante del electorado apostó por un quiebre más extenso con la oferta electoral, al respaldar candidaturas independientes.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: In 2024, Panama experienced one of its most disruptive elections since its transition to democracy. Voters rejected the dominant bloc of parties, which included the ruling party, the Revolutionary Democratic Party (PRD), and the main opposition coalition composed of Cambio Democrático (CD) and the Panameñista Party (PAN). Since 1999, these three parties won more than 50% of the votes in all presidential elections. In 2024, however, they received less than 20% of the votes. Legislative and local elections delivered similar results. The election indicated that voters demanded change, which they expressed in two different ways. On the one hand, a segment of the electorate called for the return of former president Ricardo Martinelli (2009-2014) through the candidacy of Raúl Mulino-the winner of the election. On the other hand, a significant portion of the electorate opted for a more comprehensive break from traditional parties by supporting independent candidates.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: Em 2024, o Panamá vivenciou uma das eleições mais disruptivas desde sua transição democrática. Os eleitores rejeitaram o bloco dominante de partidos, que incluía o partido governista, o Partido Revolucionário Democrático (PRD), e a principal coalizão opositora formada pelo Cambio Democrático (CD) e o Partido Panamenhista (PAN). Desde 1999, esses três partidos haviam conquistado mais de 50% dos votos em todas as eleições presidenciais. No entanto, em 2024, receberam menos de 20% dos votos. As eleições legislativas e locais produziram resultados semelhantes. Isso indicou que os eleitores queriam uma mudança na direção do país. No entanto, essa demanda se manifestou de duas formas notavelmente distintas. Por um lado, um segmento do eleitorado reafirmou a liderança e as propostas do ex-presidente Ricardo Martinelli (2009-2014) por meio da candidatura de Raúl Mulino-o vencedor da eleição. Por outro lado, uma parcela significativa do eleitorado optou por uma ruptura mais ampla com a oferta eleitoral tradicional, apoiando candidaturas independentes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Voto castigo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[realineamiento electoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[candidaturas independientes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Retrospective voting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electoral realignment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Independent candidacies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Voto retrospectivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[realinhamento eleitoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[candidaturas independentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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