<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-499X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Urug. Cienc. Polít.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-499X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Ciencia Política.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-499X2021000100023</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26851/rucp.30.1.2</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[(Aún) la excepción y no la regla: La derecha populista radical en América Latina]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Still the exception and not the rule: The populist radical right in Latin America]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lisa]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kenneth M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Diego Portales Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Cornell University Department of Government ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>23</fpage>
<lpage>48</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-499X2021000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-499X2021000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-499X2021000100023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Sin duda, los partidos populistas radicales de derecha (prr, por sus siglas en inglés) representan la familia de partidos populistas más numerosa. Sin embargo, en los 18 países que componen el subcontinente sudamericano solamente dos líderes parecen encarnar de manera rotunda esa ideología: Jair Bolsonaro en Brasil y José Antonio Kast en Chile. El objetivo de este artículo es examinar las razones detrás de la escasa proliferación de los prr en América Latina. En Europa occidental la emergencia de estos partidos se relaciona con una suerte de contrarrevolución silenciosa (Inglehart 1971; Ignazi 1992) en oposición a los valores posmateriales sobre los que muchos partidos tradicionales han convergido en décadas pasadas. Por el contrario, en América Latina los valores materiales son todavía de vital importancia debido a los altos niveles de desigualdad en la región. Además, en el artículo se demuestra que el único caso en el que un líder populista radical de derecha ha logrado conquistar el gobierno ha sido por la ocurrencia simultánea de tres factores que combinan la experiencia europea y las características del continente. Primero, la existencia de un discurso que politiza cuestiones como la seguridad y los valores tradicionales. En segundo lugar, el discurso nativista, que a diferencia de la mayoría de los partidos prr en Europa occidental y ee. uu.-donde los excluidos son los inmigrantes-, se caracteriza por el hecho de que la discriminación es primero en contra de los pueblos nativos. Finalmente, la tercera característica es la construcción del apoyo sobre una identidad negativa en contra de la izquierda.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Undoubtedly, populist radical right parties (rpps) represent the largest family of populist parties. However, in the 18 countries that make up the South American subcontinent, only two leaders seem to fully embody this ideology: Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil and José Antonio Kast in Chile. The aim of this article is to examine the reasons behind the scarce proliferation of PRRs in Latin America. In Western Europe the emergence of these parties is related to a sort of silent counter-revolution (Inglehart 1971; Ignazi 1992) in opposition to post-material values on which many traditional parties have converged in past decades. In contrast, in Latin America material values are still of vital importance due to the high levels of inequality in the region. Moreover, the article demonstrates that the simultaneous occurrence of three factors that combine the European experience and characteristics of the continent was the only reason one radical right-wing populist leader has been able to successfully rise to power in Latin America until today. First, the existence of a discourse that politicizes issues such as security and traditional values. Second, the nativist discourse, which unlike most PRR parties in Western Europe and the US -where the excluded are immigrants- is characterized by the fact that discrimination is mostly against native people. Finally, the third characteristic is the reliance on a negative identity against the left.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[derecha radical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[populismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[valores materiales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[identidades negativas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[radical right]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[populism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[material values]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[negative identities]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akkerman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Anti-immigration parties and the defence of liberal values: The exceptional case of the List Pim Fortuyn]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Ideologies]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>337-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aslanidis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Is Populism an Ideology? A Refutation and a New Perspective]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>88-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Betz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Xenophobia, identity politics and exclusionary populism in Western Europe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Socialist Register]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<numero>39</numero>
<issue>39</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bornschier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cleavage Politics and the Populist Right: The New Cultural Conflict in Western Europe]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Philadelphia, ee. uu. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Temple University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cabezas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Navia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efecto del sistema binominal en el número de candidatos y de partidos en elecciones legislativas en Chile, 1989-2001]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Política. Revista de Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<numero>45</numero>
<issue>45</issue>
<page-range>29-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Caiani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Della Porta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Extreme Right and Populism: A Frame Analysis of Extreme Right Wing Discourses in Italy and Germany]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[IHS Political Science Series]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<numero>121</numero>
<issue>121</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Las virtudes del sistema binominal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencia Política (Santiago)]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>226-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cruz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Varetto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Crónica de un cambio anunciado. Las elecciones de 2017 en Chile frente al cambio de sistema electoral]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Políticos]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<numero>54</numero>
<issue>54</issue>
<page-range>233-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Social Policy Expansion in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, ee.uu. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[De Lange]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A New Winning Formula: The Programmatic Appeal of the Radical Right]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Party Politics]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>411-35</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Class and Conservative Parties: Argentina in Comparative Perspective]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hawkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovira Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carlin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Littvay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The ideational approach. Concept, Theory, and Analysis]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Power]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bolsonaro and Brazil's illiberal backlash]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>68-82</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ignazi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Silent Counter-Revolution: Hypotheses on the Emergence of Extreme Right-Wing Parties in Europe]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Political Research]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>3-34</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Inglehart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The silent revolution in Europe: Intergenerational change in post-industrial societies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The American political science review]]></source>
<year>1971</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>991-1017</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kast]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Para volver a creer]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changing models of party organization and party democracy: the emergence of the cartel party]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Party politics]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>1</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>5-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The cartel party thesis: A restatement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Perspectives on politics]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>753-66</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kitschelt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ann Arbor, ee. uu. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Michigan Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kriesi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grande]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lachat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolezal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bornschier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Political Research]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>921-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lancaster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Value Shift: Immigration Attitudes and the Sociocultural Divide]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>1-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Torneau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[O governo Bolsonaro contra os Povos Indígenas: as garantias constitucionais postas à prova. Confins.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revue franco-brésilienne de géographie/Revista franco-brasilera de geografia]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Levitsky]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Resurgence of the Latin American Left]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore, ee. uu. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovira Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Resilience of the Latin American Right]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore, ee. uu. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madariaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovira Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Right-wing Moderation, Left-wing Inertia and Political Cartelisation in Post-Transition Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Latin American Studies]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>343-71</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meléndez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[El mal menor: vínculos políticos en el Perú posterior al colapso del sistema de partidos]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lima, Perú ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Estudios Peruanos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Bankrupt Representation and Party System Collapse]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pensilvania, ee. uu. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University Park: Penn State Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The populist zeitgeist]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Government and opposition]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>541-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Populist Radical Right: A Reader]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres, Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The far right today]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Polity Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mudde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovira Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populism: A Very Short Introduction]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford, Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nicholls]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cuestas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Penalización del aborto: violencia política y abusos de la memoria en Chile]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Saúde e Sociedade]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>27</numero>
<issue>27</issue>
<page-range>367-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nohlen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[La reforma del sistema binominal desde una perspectiva comparada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Ciencia Política (Santiago)]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>191-202</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Panizza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populism and the Mirror of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres, Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Verso]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paz Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[José Antonio Kast renuncia a la UDI]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[La tercera]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peréz Bentancur]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piñeiro Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rosenblatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[How Party Activism Survives: Uruguay's Frente Amplio]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pimentel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Elecciones presidenciales en Chile 2017]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bordes]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>47-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turnbull-Dugarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[VOX: The rise of the Spanish Populist Radical Right]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres, Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rennó]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Bolsonaro Voter: Issue Positions and Vote Choice in the 2018 Brazilian Presidential Elections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>1-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Changing Course in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge; Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roberts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bipolar Disorders: Varieties of Capitalism and Populist Out-flanking on the Left and Right]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Polity]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>641-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovira Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[El error de diagnóstico de la derecha chilena y la encrucijada actual]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Públicos]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>158</volume>
<numero>2020</numero>
<issue>2020</issue>
<page-range>31-59</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rovira Kaltwasser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Latin American Populism: Some Conceptual and Normative Lessons]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Constellations]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>494-504</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samuels]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zucco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Partisans, antipartisans, and nonpartisans: voting behavior in Brazil]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge Reino Unido ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanscheit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Quando velhos atores saem de cena: a ascensão da nova direita política no Brasil]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Colômbia Internacional]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<numero>99</numero>
<issue>99</issue>
<page-range>151-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stavrakakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The return of &#8220;the people&#8221;: Populism and anti-populism in the shadow of the European crisis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Constellations]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>505-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stavrakakis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Katsambekis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The Populism/Anti-Populism Frontier and Its Mediation in Crisis-Ridden Greece: From Discursive Divide to Emerging Cleavage?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Political Science]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>37-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tironi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Agüero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[¿Sobrevivirá el nuevo paisaje político chileno?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Estudios Públicos]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<numero>Otoño</numero>
<issue>Otoño</issue>
<page-range>151-68</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weyland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madrid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hunter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Leftist Governments in Latin America: Successes and Shortcomings]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, ee uu ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Populist polarization in Italian politics, 1994-2016: an assessment from a Latin American analytical perspective]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Issue polarization, vote for fringe political options and attitudes towards democracy: the case of the 2017 elections in Chile]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ congreso WAPOR]]></conf-name>
<conf-date>octubre 2020</conf-date>
<conf-loc> </conf-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zanotti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanscheit]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Assessing the fourth wave of the populist radical right: Jair Bolsonaro&#8217;s voters in comparative perspective]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaslove]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Closing the door? The ideology and impact of radical right populism on immigration policy in Austria and Italy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Political Ideologies]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>99-118</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaslove]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Exclusion, community, and a populist political economy: The radical right as an anti-globalization movement]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative European Politics]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>169-89</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ziblatt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York, ee uu. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
