<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-499X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Urug. Cienc. Polít.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-499X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Ciencia Política.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-499X2018000100131</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26851/rucp.27.6</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[La reforma del presidencialismo en América Latina hacia un modelo híbrido]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The reform of presidentialism in Latin America. Towards a hybrid model]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negretto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas División de Estudios Políticos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>131</fpage>
<lpage>151</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-499X2018000100131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-499X2018000100131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-499X2018000100131&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Este artículo analiza los cambios constitucionales que han alterado el poder de los presidentes en América Latina entre 1978 y 2014. Se argumenta que las tendencias de reforma en esta materia se han movido en direcciones opuestas. Se han incorporado reglas que reducen la probabilidad de que el presidente cuente con un apoyo mayoritario en el Congreso, con otras que incrementan su poder de negociar con los legisladores. Por otra parte, mientras muchas reformas se orientan a fortalecer la capacidad del Congreso para supervisar las facultades de gobierno del Ejecutivo, se adoptaron otras que concentran Poder Legislativo en manos del presidente. En este diseño híbrido, las reformas adoptadas coexisten en tensión y tienen un impacto contradictorio en el poder real de los presidentes, de modo tal que es tan incorrecto hablar de un avance del hiperpresidencialismo como de una disminución sistemática del poder de los presidentes en todas sus dimensiones.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary: This article analyzes the constitutional changes that have altered the power of presidents in Latin America between 1978 and 2014. It argues that reform trends in this matter have moved in opposite directions. Rules that reduce the likelihood that the president will have majority support in Congress have been incorporated, along with other rules that increase the president&#8217;s power to negotiate with legislators. On the other hand, while many reforms are aimed at strengthening the capacity of the Congress to supervise the governing powers of the Executive, other reforms that concentrate Legislative Power in the hands of the president were adopted. In this hybrid design, the adopted reforms coexist in tension and have a contradictory impact on the real power of the presidents, in such a way that it is as incorrect to speak of an advance of hyperpresidentialism as of a systematic reduction of the power of the presidents in all its dimensions.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[poder presidencial]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[separación de poderes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reforma constitucional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Latina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[presidential power]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[separation of powers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[constitutional reform]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Latin America]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amorim Neto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Presidential Cabinets, Electoral Cycles, and Coalition Discipline in Brazil&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benito Nacif]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legislative Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Archer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Unrealized Potential of Presidential Dominance in Colombia&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Shugart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<page-range>110-59</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legislative Voting and Accountability.]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[John]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matthew Shugart (Eds.)]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Executive Decree Authority]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mauricio]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Junguito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pachón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Political Institutions and Policy Outcomes in Colombia: The Effects of the 1991 Constitution. Research Network Working Paper # R-508]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Washington, DC ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Inter-American Development Bank]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cox]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Epilogue: Latin America´s Reactive Assemblies and Proactive Presidents&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. Nacif]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legislative Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>446-68</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheibub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Democracy]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheibub]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Elkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ginsburg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Still the Land of Presidentialism? Executives and the Latin American Constitution&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Schilling-Vacaflor]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[New Constitutionalism in Latin America: Promises and Practices]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Farham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ashgate.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crisp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Presidential Decree Authority in Venezuela&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Shugart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Executive Decree Authority.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[NuevaYork ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gargarella]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Constitutionalism, 1810-2010]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[NuevaYork ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grindle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Merilee]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Audacious Reforms: Institutional Invention and Democracy in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Baltimore, MD ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Johns Hopkins University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helmke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Enduring Uncertainty: Court-Executive Relations in Argentina During the 1990s and Beyond&#8221;,]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. V. Murillo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of Institutional Weakness. Argentine Democracy]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<page-range>139-62</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[University Park, PA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Pennsylvania State University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Helmke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ríos-Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Introduction: Courts in Latin America&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Rios-Figueroa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Courts in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>1-26</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[NuevaYork ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mainwaring]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matthew Shugart (Eds.)]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America.]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayhew]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Incumbency Advantage in US Presidential Elections: The Historical Record&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Political Science Quarterly]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>123</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>201-28</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alfred P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[David J. Samuels (Eds.)]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Decentralization and Democracy in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Notre Dame ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Notre Dame Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Towards a Model of Latin American Legislatures&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[S. Morgenstern]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B. Nacif]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Legislative Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<page-range>446-68</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negretto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguilar-Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Rethinking the Legacy of the Liberal State in Latin America: The Cases of Argentina (18531-912) and Mexico (18571-910)&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Latin American Studies]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>361-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Negretto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gabriel]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Making Constitutions: Presidents, Parties, and Institutional Choice in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<month>a</month>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[NuevaYork ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;El Papel de la Constitución en la Nueva Democracia Argentina&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Político]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Shifting Constitutional Designs in Latin America: A Two-Level Explanation&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Texas Law Review]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>1777-806</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Political Parties and Institutional Design: Explaining Constitutional Choice in Latin America&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<month>a</month>
<volume>39</volume>
<page-range>117-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[A. Fontaine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Larroulet]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[J. Navarrete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. Walter (Eds.)]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;La Reforma Electoral en América Latina. Entre el Interés Partidario y las Demandas Ciudadanas&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Reforma del Sistema Electora Chileno]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<month>b</month>
<page-range>63-103</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Santiago de Chile ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[PNUD]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Propuesta para una reforma electoral en México&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Política y Gobierno]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>XIV</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>200-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Choosing How to Choose Presidents: Parties, Military Rulers, and Presidential Elections in Latin America&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Journal of Politics]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>421-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Government Capacities and Policy Making by Decree in Latin America: The Cases of Brazil and Argentina&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>531-62</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Diseño Constitucional y Separación de Poderes en América Latina&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Mexicana de Sociología]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>41-76</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Ideas and Attempts at Reforming the Presidentialist System of Government in Latin America&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Ed.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. Lijphart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Parliamentary Versus Presidential Government]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<page-range>128-32</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[NuevaYork ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O´Donnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Delegative Democracy&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Democracy]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>55-69</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O&#8217;Neill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kathleen]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Decentralizing the State: Elections, Parties, and Local Power in the Andes]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[NuevaYork ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rios-Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Fragmentation of Power and the Emergence of an Effective Judiciary in Mexico, 1994-2002&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Politics and Society]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>31-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. Rios-Figueroa]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Institutions for Constitutional Justice in Latin America&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Courts in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<page-range>27-54</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[NuevaYork ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saiegh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Executive-Legislative Relations&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ghandi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruben Ruiz-Rufino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Routledge Handbook of Comparative Political Institutions]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[NuevaYork ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sarabia Better]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Arturo]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Reformas poli&#769;ticas en Colombia: del plebiscito de 1957 al referendo de 2003]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Bogota&#769; ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Grupo Editorial Norma]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serrafero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mario]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Exceptocracia: ¿Confín de la Democracia? Intervención Federal, Estado de Sitio y Decretos de Necesidad y Urgencia]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Buenos Aires ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Editorial Lumiere]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Electoral Cycle and Institutional Sources of Divided Government&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>89</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>327-43</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Inverse Relationship Between Party Strength and Executive Strength: A Theory of Politicians&#8217; Constitutional Choices&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[British Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>1-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[President and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge, MA ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carey. J]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote: A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas.&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>417-39</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shugart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haggard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Institutions and Public Policy in Presidential Systems&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haggard. S]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[McCubins M. (Eds.)]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<page-range>64-104</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stokes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Parliamentary Government in Latin America&#8221;]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>1945</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>522-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uprimny]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;The Constitutional Court and Control of Presidential Extraordinary Powers in Colombia&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[S. Gloppen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. Gargarella]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skaar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. (Eds.)]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Democratization and the Judiciary: The Accountability Function of Courts in New Democracies]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<page-range>46-69</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Frank Cass]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weldon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[&#8220;Political Sources of Presidencialismo in Mexico&#8221;]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[(Eds.)]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. Shugart]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<page-range>2252-8</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nueva York ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zovatto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jesus Orozco Henriquez (Eds.)]]></surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Reforma Política y Electoral en América Latina, 1978-2007]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Ciudad de México ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[UNAM]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
