<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-423X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Archivos de Medicina Interna]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Arch Med Int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-423X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad de Medicina Interna del Uruguay]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-423X2015000200008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Timectomía en pacientes portadores de Miastenia Gravis no timomatosa: Revisión sistemática de la literatura]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Thymectomy in Non Thymomatous Myasthenia Gravis patients: Systematic Literature Review]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Albisu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Higgie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rozada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Raúl]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urban]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hackembruch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jochen]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abayubá]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República (UdelaR) Hospital de Clínicas Instituto de Neurología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>87</fpage>
<lpage>93</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-423X2015000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-423X2015000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-423X2015000200008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Objetivos: Evaluar la evidencia publicada sobre la efectividad de la Timectomía en pacientes con miastenia gravis no timomatosa. Metodología: Revisión sistemática de la literatura de trabajos publicados entre 01/2003 y 01/2015. Palabras clave: &ldquo;Miastenia Gravis&rdquo; &ldquo;Timectomía&rdquo; y &ldquo;Timoma&rdquo;. Buscadores utilizados: Lilacs y Pubmed. Tipos de estudios incluidos: Ensayos clínicos (EC) randomizados, EC no randomizados, Cohortes (prospectivas y retrospectivas) que compararan diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas entre sí o con tratamiento médico en sujetos mayores de 18 años con diagnostico de Miastenia Gravis Autoinmune no timomatosa. Se excluyeron reportes de casos. El tipo de intervención evaluada fue la timectomía en todas sus modalidades. Outcome evaluado: mejoría del estatus clínico miasténico posterior a la timectomía. Resultados: La búsqueda por palabras clave seleccionó 391 artículos, de los cuales se excluyeron 325 de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se seleccionaron para análisis 66 articulos: 5 estudios prospectivos (un ensayo clínico no controlado y 4 cohortes prospectivas) y 61 retrospectivos (4 serie de casos, 27 estudios de cohorte única, 24 estudios de cohortes, 6 cohorte con grupo control). 63/66 estudios cuantifican severidad de MG por escala clínica de la Fundación Americana de Miastenia Gravis (MGFA). En 50% de los estudios la timectomía se realiza a mas de 24 meses del diagnóstico de MG. Solo 15/66 estudios realizan una pauta prefijada de tratamiento medico preoperatorio. Se detecto tejido tímico ectópico en 18/66 estudios. El estatus clínico post timectomía a largo plazo fue evaluado usando los criterios de MGFA Post Intervention Status (1) en 56% (37/66) de los estudios, MGFA Clinical Classification (1) 6% (4/66), criterios de Keynes (69) en 3% de los estudios (2/66), clasificación de De Fillipi (69) 6% (4/66) de los estudios y criterios establecidos por lo propios autores 21,2% (14/66). Conclusión: La indicación y la oportunidad de la timectomía en la Miastenia Gravis no timomatosa es aún motivo de polémica y no hay suficiente evidencia al día de hoy para laudar el tema, independientemente de la práctica asistencial habitual de algunos centros de referencia. Sin embargo, la tendencia que surge de los múltiples estudios disponibles muestra: un beneficio (mejoría/remisión) de la timectomía versus no timectomía, buenos resultados con las nuevas técnicas mínimamente invasivas, favorable de la timectomía temprana en pacientes con anticuerpos antirreceptores de acetilcolina positivos (AChRA +) y el rol crecientemente importante de la resección de tejido tímico ectópico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Background: Thymectomy is a frequently used treatment for myasthenia gravis (MG) and is virtually always indicated in MG patients who have a thymoma. However, the evidence for thymectomy in non-thymomatous MG remains less certain. Objectives: Evaluate the published evidence on the effectiveness of thymectomy in patients with non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis. Methods: Systematic review of the literature published between 01/2003-01/2015. Keywords: &ldquo;Myasthenia Gravis&rdquo; &ldquo;Thymectomy&rdquo; and &ldquo;Thymoma&rdquo;. Search Tools used: Lilacs and Pubmed. Search method: 2 authors read all retrieved abstracts and reviewed the full texts of potentially relevant articles. Selection criteria: randomized clinical trials, non-randomized clincal trials, Cohort (prospective and retrospective) of different surgical modalitis of thymectomy against no treatment or any medical treatment, and thymectomy plus medical treatment against medical treatment alone, in people with non-thymomatous MG older than 18 years old. Case reports were excluded. Outcome assessed: improvement of myasthenic clinical status after thymectomy. Results: The primary search keywords provided 391 articles, of which 325 were excluded according to de proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria. We selected 66 articles: 5 prospective articles (1 non-randomized non-controlled clinical trial, 4 prospective cohort) and 61 retrospective (4 case series study, 27 single cohort study, 24 cohort study, 6 cohort study with a control group). 63/66 studies measure severity of MG using MGFA (Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America) clinical classification. In 50% of the studies thymectomy was performed after at least 24 months since diagnose of MG. Only 15/66 studies had a predetermined pattern of pre-thymectomy medical treatement. Ectopic thymic tissue was detected in 18/66 studies. The long term clinical status post thymectomy was assessed using the MGFA Post Intervention Status (1) in 56% (37/66) of the studies, MGFA Clinical Classification (1) 6% (4/66), Keynes criteria (69) in 3% of studies (2/66), classification of De Filippi (69) 6% (4/66), and according to self proposed criteria in 21.2% (14/66) of studies. Conclusion: The indication and timing of thymectomy in non thymomatous myasthenia gravis is still under debate and there is insufficient evidence to date to provide evidence based clinical practice parameters, regardless of clinical practice on experienced centers. However, the trend that emerges from available studies shows: benefit on clinical outcome (improvement/remission) regarding thymectomy in non thymomatous myasthenia gravis, promising good results with the new minimally invasive techniques and draws attention to the favorable impact of early thymectomy in AChRA + patientes as well as the increasingly important role of ectopic thymic tissues.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Miastenia Gravis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Timectomía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Revisión sistemática]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Myasthenia Gravis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Thymectomy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Systematic review]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div class="Section1">      <p class="Seccin" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">ARCHIVOS DEL INSTITUTO DE NEUROLOG&Iacute;A<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="Seccin" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="Seccin" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="Titarial18" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana; font-style: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Timectom&iacute;a</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana; font-style: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"> en pacientes portadores de Miastenia <span class="SpellE">Gravis</span> no <span class="SpellE">timomatosa</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="Titarial18" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana; font-style: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Revisi&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica de la literatura</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="Titarial14" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Thymectomy</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> in Non <span class="SpellE">Thymomatous</span> Myasthenia Gravis patients.</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> Systematic Literature Review<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="Titarial14" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="EN-US">Dra</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="EN-US">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">Silvana</span> <span class="SpellE">Albisu</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Asistente de Neurolog&iacute;a<o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Instituto de Neurolog&iacute;a. Hospital de Cl&iacute;nicas. Facultad de Medicina. <span class="SpellE">UdelaR</span>. Montevideo.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Dr. Juan <span class="SpellE">Higgie</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Asistente de Neurolog&iacute;a.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Secci&oacute;n de Enfermedades Neuromusculares. Instituto de Neurolog&iacute;a. Hospital de Cl&iacute;nicas. Facultad de Medicina. <span class="SpellE">UdelaR</span>. Montevideo.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Dr. Ra&uacute;l Rozada<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Posgrado de Neurolog&iacute;a. M&eacute;dico Internista. Secci&oacute;n de Enfermedades Neuromusculares. Instituto de Neurolog&iacute;a. Hospital de Cl&iacute;nicas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Facultad de Medicina. <span class="SpellE">UdelaR</span>. Montevideo.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Dr. Luis <span class="SpellE">Urban</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">M&eacute;dico Neur&oacute;logo. Secci&oacute;n de Enfermedades Neuromusculares<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Instituto de Neurolog&iacute;a. Hospital de Cl&iacute;nicas. Facultad de Medicina. <span class="SpellE">UdelaR</span>. Montevideo.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Dr. Jochen <span class="SpellE">Hackembruch</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Ex Asistente de Neurolog&iacute;a. Asistente de Neurofisiolog&iacute;a. Instituto de Neurolog&iacute;a. Hospital de Cl&iacute;nicas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Facultad de Medicina. <span class="SpellE">UdelaR</span>. Montevideo.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Dr. <span class="SpellE">Abayub&aacute;</span> Perna<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Profesor Adjunto de Neurolog&iacute;a.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Instituto de Neurolog&iacute;a. Hospital de Cl&iacute;nicas. Facultad de Medicina. <span class="SpellE">UdelaR</span>. Montevideo.</span></p>       <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"></span></p>   <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Correspondencia: Dr. Abayub&aacute; Pernas. Instituto de Neurolog&iacute;a. Piso 2. Hospital de Cl&iacute;nicas. Montevideo. Uruguay.    <br>       <br>   </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Recibido: 12/4/15<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Aceptado: 31/5/15</span>     <p class="autor" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Resumen: <span class="SpellE">Arch</span> <span class="SpellE">Med</span> Interna 37(2): 87-93<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="copete" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Objetivos: Evaluar la evidencia publicada sobre la efectividad de la <span class="SpellE">Timectom&iacute;a</span> en pacientes con miastenia <span class="SpellE">gravis</span> no <span class="SpellE">timomatosa</span>. Metodolog&iacute;a: Revisi&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica de la literatura de trabajos publicados entre 01/2003 y 01/2015. Palabras clave: &ldquo;Miastenia <span class="SpellE">Gravis</span>&rdquo; &ldquo;<span class="SpellE">Timectom&iacute;a</span>&rdquo; y &ldquo;<span class="SpellE">Timoma</span>&rdquo;. Buscadores utilizados: Lilacs y <span class="SpellE">Pubmed</span>. Tipos de estudios incluidos: Ensayos cl&iacute;nicos (EC) <span class="SpellE">randomizados</span>, EC no <span class="SpellE">randomizados</span>, Cohortes (prospectivas y retrospectivas) que compararan diferentes t&eacute;cnicas quir&uacute;rgicas entre s&iacute; o con tratamiento m&eacute;dico en sujetos mayores de 18 a&ntilde;os con diagnostico de Miastenia <span class="SpellE">Gravis</span> Autoinmune no <span class="SpellE">timomatosa</span>. Se excluyeron reportes de casos. El tipo de intervenci&oacute;n evaluada fue la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en todas sus modalidades. <span class="SpellE">Outcome</span> evaluado: mejor&iacute;a del estatus cl&iacute;nico <span class="SpellE">miast&eacute;nico</span> posterior a la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span>. Resultados: La b&uacute;squeda por palabras clave seleccion&oacute; 391 art&iacute;culos, de los cuales se excluyeron 325 de acuerdo a los criterios de inclusi&oacute;n y exclusi&oacute;n. Se seleccionaron para an&aacute;lisis 66 <span class="SpellE">articulos</span>: 5 estudios prospectivos (un ensayo cl&iacute;nico no controlado y 4 cohortes prospectivas) y 61 retrospectivos (4 serie de casos, 27 estudios de cohorte &uacute;nica, 24 estudios de cohortes, 6 cohorte con grupo control). 63/66 estudios cuantifican severidad de MG por escala cl&iacute;nica de la Fundaci&oacute;n Americana de Miastenia <span class="SpellE">Gravis</span> (MGFA). En 50% de los estudios la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> se realiza a mas de 24 meses del diagn&oacute;stico de MG. Solo 15/66 estudios realizan una pauta prefijada de tratamiento medico preoperatorio. Se detecto tejido <span class="SpellE">t&iacute;mico</span> ect&oacute;pico en 18/66 estudios. El estatus cl&iacute;nico post <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> a largo plazo fue evaluado usando los criterios de MGFA Post <span class="SpellE">Intervention</span> Status (1) en 56% (37/66) de los estudios, MGFA <span class="SpellE">Clinical</span> <span class="SpellE">Classification</span> (1) 6% (4/66), criterios de Keynes (69) en 3% de los estudios (2/66), clasificaci&oacute;n de De <span class="SpellE">Fillipi</span> (69) 6% (4/66) de los estudios y criterios establecidos por lo propios autores 21,2% (14/66). Conclusi&oacute;n: La indicaci&oacute;n y la oportunidad de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en la Miastenia <span class="SpellE">Gravis</span> no <span class="SpellE">timomatosa</span> es a&uacute;n motivo de pol&eacute;mica y no hay suficiente evidencia al d&iacute;a de hoy para laudar el tema, independientemente de la pr&aacute;ctica asistencial habitual de algunos centros de referencia. Sin embargo, la tendencia que surge de los m&uacute;ltiples estudios disponibles muestra: un beneficio (mejor&iacute;a/remisi&oacute;n) de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> versus no <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span>, buenos resultados con las nuevas t&eacute;cnicas m&iacute;nimamente invasivas, favorable de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> temprana en pacientes con anticuerpos <span class="SpellE">antirreceptores</span> de acetilcolina positivos (<span class="SpellE">AChRA</span> +) y el rol crecientemente importante de la resecci&oacute;n de tejido <span class="SpellE">t&iacute;mico</span> ect&oacute;pico.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="copete" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Palabras Clave: Miastenia <span class="SpellE">Gravis</span>, <span class="SpellE">Timectom&iacute;a</span>, Revisi&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Abstract: Arch Med <span class="SpellE">Interna</span> 37(2): 87-93<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="copete" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="EN-US">Background: <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> is a frequently used treatment for myasthenia gravis (MG) and is virtually always indicated in MG patients who have a <span class="SpellE">thymoma</span>. However, the evidence for <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in non-<span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> MG remains less certain. Objectives: Evaluate the published evidence on the effectiveness of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in patients with non-<span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="copete" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="EN-US">Methods: Systematic review of the literature published between 01/2003-01/2015. Keywords: &ldquo;Myasthenia Gravis&rdquo; &ldquo;<span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span>&rdquo; and &ldquo;<span class="SpellE">Thymoma</span>&rdquo;. Search Tools used: Lilacs and <span class="SpellE">Pubmed</span>. Search method: 2 authors read all retrieved abstracts and reviewed the full texts of potentially relevant articles. Selection criteria: randomized clinical trials, non-randomized <span class="SpellE">clincal</span> trials, Cohort (prospective and retrospective) of different surgical <span class="SpellE">modalitis</span> of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> against no treatment or any medical treatment, and <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> plus medical treatment against medical treatment alone, in people with non-<span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> MG older than 18 years old. Case reports were excluded. Outcome assessed: improvement of <span class="SpellE">myasthenic</span> clinical status after <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span>. Results: The primary search keywords provided 391 articles, of which 325 were excluded according to de proposed inclusion and exclusion criteria. We selected 66 articles: 5 prospective articles (1 non-randomized non-controlled clinical trial, 4 prospective cohort) and 61 retrospective (4 case series study, 27 single cohort study, 24 cohort study, 6 cohort study with a control group). 63/66 studies measure severity of MG using MGFA (Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region>) clinical classification. In 50% of the studies <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> was performed after at least 24 months since diagnose of MG. Only 15/66 studies had a predetermined pattern of pre-<span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> medical <span class="SpellE">treatement</span>. <span class="SpellE">Ectopic</span> <span class="SpellE">thymic</span> tissue was detected in 18/66 studies. The long term clinical status post <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> was assessed using the MGFA Post Intervention Status (1) in 56% (37/66) of the studies, MGFA Clinical Classification (1) 6% (4/66), Keynes criteria (69) in 3% of studies (2/66), classification of De <span class="SpellE">Filippi</span> (69) 6% (4/66), and according to self proposed criteria in 21.2% (14/66) of studies. Conclusion: The indication and timing of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in non <span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis is still under debate and there is insufficient evidence to date to provide evidence based clinical practice parameters, regardless of clinical practice on experienced centers. However, the trend that emerges from available studies shows: benefit on clinical outcome (improvement/remission) regarding <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in non <span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis, promising good results with the new minimally invasive techniques and draws attention to the favorable impact of early <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in <span class="SpellE">AChRA</span> + <span class="SpellE">patientes</span> as well as the increasingly important role of <span class="SpellE">ectopic</span> <span class="SpellE">thymic</span> tissues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="copete" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="EN-US">Keywords: Myasthenia Gravis, <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span>, Systematic review. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="copete" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="Subt1" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Introducci&oacute;n <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">El t&eacute;rmino &ldquo;miastenia <span class="SpellE">gravis</span>&rdquo; (MG), proviene del griego &ldquo;miastenia&rdquo;, que significa debilidad muscular y &ldquo;<span class="SpellE">gravis</span>&rdquo; severa. Es la enfermedad m&aacute;s frecuente de la uni&oacute;n <span class="SpellE">neuromuscular</span>, con una <span class="SpellE">prevalencia</span> entre 0,5-20,4 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Tiene 2 picos de incidencia, el primero mujeres j&oacute;venes y el segundo despu&eacute;s de la quinta d&eacute;cada de la vida con similar proporci&oacute;n de hombres y mujeres y una asociaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s fuerte con <span class="SpellE">timoma</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">La <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> es un procedimiento frecuentemente utilizado para el tratamiento de la MG y esta sistem&aacute;ticamente indicado en aquellos pacientes con <span class="SpellE">timoma</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">En los pacientes no <span class="SpellE">timomatosos</span> el fundamento para su realizaci&oacute;n ser&iacute;a el potencial rol del timo en la g&eacute;nesis de la respuesta <span class="SpellE">autoinmune</span> en esta patolog&iacute;a. Sin embargo, la evidencia sobre la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en la MG no <span class="SpellE">timomatosa</span> (MGNT) es controvertida. Una revisi&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica de la <span class="GramE">literatura<sup><a name="-1"></a>(</sup></span><sup><a href="#1">1</a>)</sup> sobre art&iacute;culos publicados entre 1966 y 1988 concluy&oacute; que hasta ese momento no hab&iacute;a evidencia consistente en relaci&oacute;n al beneficio de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en los pacientes con MGNT.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Con el objetivo de evaluar la evidencia publicada entre los a&ntilde;os 2003 y 2015 sobre la efectividad de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en este tipo de pacientes es que se hizo el presente trabajo. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="Subt1" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Metodolog&iacute;a<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Se realiz&oacute; una revisi&oacute;n sistem&aacute;tica de la literatura de trabajos publicados entre el 1 de enero de 2003 y el 1 de enero de 2015. Las palabras clave elegidas para la b&uacute;squeda fueron: &ldquo;Miastenia <span class="SpellE">Gravis</span>&rdquo; &ldquo;<span class="SpellE">Timectom&iacute;a</span>&rdquo; y &ldquo;<span class="SpellE">Timoma</span>&rdquo;. Los motores de b&uacute;squeda utilizados fueron <span class="SpellE">Lilacs</span> y <span class="SpellE">Pubmed</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Teniendo en cuenta el antecedente de revisiones sistem&aacute;ticas<sup>(<a href="#1">1</a>)</sup> que no hab&iacute;an encontrado estudios de alta calidad de dise&ntilde;o referente a la tem&aacute;tica estudiada, se tuvo un criterio amplio en cuanto al tipo de estudios a incluir: ensayos cl&iacute;nicos (EC) <span class="SpellE">randomizados</span>, EC no <span class="SpellE">randomizados</span>, estudios de cohorte &uacute;nica (prospectivas y retrospectivas), estudios de cohortes que compararan diferentes tratamientos quir&uacute;rgicos entre s&iacute; o con tratamiento m&eacute;dico en sujetos mayores de 18 a&ntilde;os con diagnostico de Miastenia <span class="SpellE">Gravis</span> <span class="SpellE">Autoinmune</span> no <span class="SpellE">timomatosa</span> (formas oculares y generalizadas) y estudios de series de casos. Se excluyeron reportes de un caso. El tipo de intervenci&oacute;n evaluada fue la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en todas sus modalidades: <span class="SpellE">transesternal</span>, <span class="SpellE">transesternal</span> extendida, <span class="SpellE">supraesternal</span>, <span class="SpellE">transcervical</span>, y <span class="SpellE">toracoscop&iacute;a</span> <span class="SpellE">videoasistida</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">El <span class="SpellE">outcome</span> evaluado fue: mejor&iacute;a de la debilidad muscular <span class="SpellE">miast&eacute;nica</span> al menos 12 meses posteriores a la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span>, remisi&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica completa (<span class="SpellE">asintom&aacute;ticos</span> sin f&aacute;rmacos) y remisi&oacute;n farmacol&oacute;gica (asintom&aacute;tico con f&aacute;rmacos). Dos integrantes del equipo investigador realizaron en forma independiente la misma b&uacute;squeda y se cotejaron resultados. Estos dos integrantes leyeron los <span class="SpellE">abstracts</span> de la b&uacute;squeda primaria para realizar posteriormente la selecci&oacute;n secundaria de los art&iacute;culos m&aacute;s relevantes teniendo en cuenta los criterios de selecci&oacute;n mencionados. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Posteriormente los textos completos de los art&iacute;culos de la selecci&oacute;n secundaria fueron distribuidos entre los autores para la extracci&oacute;n de la informaci&oacute;n necesaria que se realiz&oacute; en una ficha de recolecci&oacute;n de datos. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="Subt1" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">RESULTADOS<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Con los criterios de b&uacute;squeda propuestos se en&shy;contraron 391 citas (<a href="#fig_1">Figura 1</a>). De estas, se excluyeron 325 por incluir poblaci&oacute;n menor de 18 a&ntilde;os, exclusivamente MGNT, reporte de casos, inaccesibilidad a texto completo (19 citas con ning&uacute;n EC o cohortes con grupo sin la intervenci&oacute;n) y </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">outcomes</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"> distintos a los propuestos por esta revisi&oacute;n.</span></p>           <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span><a name="fig_1"></a><img style="width: 475px; height: 229px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ami/v37n2/2a08f1.jpg"></p>             <p class="Helve7" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Se seleccionaron 66 art&iacute;culos para an&aacute;lisis. Son todos estudios <span class="SpellE">observacionales</span> excepto uno. Cinco estudios prospectivos (un ensayo cl&iacute;nico no controlado, 2 cohortes prospectivas y 2 estudios de cohorte &uacute;nica prospectiva) y 61 retrospectivos. Estos &uacute;ltimos est&aacute;n compuestos por 4 (6%) serie de casos, 27 (41%) estudios de cohorte &uacute;nica retrospectiva o hist&oacute;rica, 24 (36%) estudios de cohortes hist&oacute;ricas y 6 (9%) cohortes con grupo control (sin la intervenci&oacute;n). Dentro de los estudios de cohortes retrospectivas 10 comparan diferentes t&eacute;cnicas quir&uacute;rgicas de <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span>, 6 comparan <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en MG <span class="SpellE">timomatosa</span> y no <span class="SpellE">timomatosa</span>, 3 comparan respuesta a <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> seg&uacute;n perfil <span class="SpellE">serol&oacute;gico</span> de MG (<span class="SpellE">AChRA</span>+, <span class="SpellE">Musk</span>+ y dobles <span class="SpellE">seronegativas</span>), 2 comparan diferentes pautas de tratamiento preoperatorio y 5 comparan otras variables. Las caracter&iacute;sticas y resultados globales se resumen en la <a href="#fig_2">Figura 2</a> y <a href="/img/revistas/ami/v37n2/2a08t1.jpg">Tabla I</a> <sup><sub><a name="-2"></a><a name="-3"></a><a name="-4"></a><a name="-5"></a><a name="-6"></a><a name="-7"></a><a name="-8"></a><a name="-9"></a><a name="-10"></a><a name="-11"></a><a name="-12"></a><a name="-13"></a><a name="-14"></a><a name="-15"></a><a name="-16"></a><a name="-17"></a><a name="-18"></a><a name="-19"></a><a name="-20"></a><a name="-21"></a><a name="-22"></a><a name="-23"></a><a name="-24"></a><a name="-25"></a><a name="-26"></a><a name="-27"></a><a name="-28"></a><a name="-29"></a><a name="-30"></a><a name="-31"></a><a name="-32"></a><a name="-33"></a><a name="-34"></a><a name="-35"></a><a name="-36"></a><a name="-37"></a><a name="-38"></a><a name="-39"></a><a name="-40"></a><a name="-41"></a><a name="-42"></a><a name="-43"></a><a name="-44"></a><a name="-45"></a><a name="-46"></a><a name="-47"></a><a name="-48"></a><a name="-49"></a><a name="-50"></a><a name="-51"></a><a name="-52"></a><a name="-53"></a><a name="-54"></a><a name="-55"></a><a name="-56"></a><a name="-57"></a><a name="-58"></a><a name="-59"></a><a name="-60"></a><a name="-61"></a><a name="-62"></a><a name="-63"></a><a name="-64"></a><a name="-65"></a><a name="-66"></a><a name="-67"></a>(<a href="#2">2-67</a>)</sub></sup>.</span></p>         <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"></span></p>           <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><a name="fig_2"></a><img style="width: 433px; height: 315px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ami/v37n2/2a08g1.jpg"></p>           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">La severidad cl&iacute;nica <span class="SpellE">preoperatoria</span> de la MG es cuantificada por 63 de los 66 estudios por medio del MGFA <span class="SpellE">clinical</span> <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">classification</span></span><span class="GramE"><sup><a name="-68"></a>(</sup></span><sup><a href="#68">68</a>)</sup>, los 3 estudios restantes utilizan <span class="SpellE">Quantitative</span> MG <span class="SpellE">score</span> <span class="SpellE">for</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span> <span class="SpellE">severity</span><sup>(<a href="#68">68</a>)</sup> o ADL<sup><a name="-69"></a>(<a href="#69">69</a>)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">El tiempo de evoluci&oacute;n desde el diagnostico de MG hasta la <span class="SpellE">Timectom&iacute;a</span> es registrado por la mayor&iacute;a de los estudios (52/66). De estos 15,4% ten&iacute;an menos de 12 meses de evoluci&oacute;n de la enfermedad antes de la <span class="SpellE">Timectom&iacute;a</span>, un 34,6% llevaba entre 12-24 meses de evoluci&oacute;n y el 50% <span class="GramE">mas</span> de 24 meses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">La mayor&iacute;a de los estudios no cuantifican el antecedente de crisis <span class="SpellE">miast&eacute;nica</span> <span class="SpellE">preoperatoria</span> (72,3%).<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Solo en 22,3% (15/66) de lo estudios se establece un pauta de tratamiento medico preoperatorio. De estos en 9 estudios se realizan 2 a 3 sesiones de <span class="SpellE">plasmaferesis</span> <span class="SpellE">preoperatoria</span> independientemente del estadio cl&iacute;nico MGFA, 3 estudios realizan dosis altas de corticoides preoperatorios y 5 estudios realizan pauta combinada de altas dosis de corticoides mas <span class="SpellE">plasmaferesis</span> o inmunoglobulinas i/v.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Con respecto al estudio <span class="SpellE">an&aacute;tomopatol&oacute;gico</span> de las piezas resecadas destacamos que solo un 27,3% (18/66) de los estudios especifican el hallazgo de timo <span class="SpellE">ect&oacute;pico</span>. Entre los 18 estudios en los que se detecta, hay gran disparidad de resultados, sin criterios claros de b&uacute;squeda sistem&aacute;tica de restos <span class="SpellE">t&iacute;micos</span>, encontr&aacute;ndose desde un 9% a un 68% de timo <span class="SpellE">ect&oacute;pico</span> seg&uacute;n la cohorte analizada.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">La evaluaci&oacute;n en el cambio de estatus cl&iacute;nico post <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> (</span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">outcome</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"> primario) fue realizado usando los criterios de MGFA Post <span class="SpellE">Intervention</span> Status<sup>(<a href="#68">68</a>)</sup> en 56% (37/66) de los estudios, MGFA <span class="SpellE">Clinical</span> <span class="SpellE">Classification</span><sup>(<a href="#68">68</a>)</sup> 6% (4/66), criterios de <span class="SpellE">Keynes</span><a name="-70"></a><sup>(<a href="#70">70</a>)</sup> en 3% de los estudios (2/66), clasificaci&oacute;n de De <span class="SpellE">Fillipi</span><sup><a name="-71"></a>(<a href="#71">71</a>)</sup> 6% (4/66) de los estudios y criterios establecidos por lo propios autores 21,2% (14/66). En 4 estudios el criterio de valoraci&oacute;n no fue detallado. Los 6 estudios de cohortes con grupo control muestran tasas de mejor&iacute;a, remisi&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica completa y remisi&oacute;n farmacol&oacute;gica superiores en el grupo <span class="SpellE">timectomizado</span> que en el no <span class="SpellE">timectomizado</span>. Los dem&aacute;s estudios muestran mejor&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica significativa tras la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en la mayor&iacute;a de los casos El status cl&iacute;nico post <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> es valorado seg&uacute;n el perfil <span class="SpellE">serol&oacute;gico</span> de MG en 3 estudios. En estos las tasas de mejor&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica y remisi&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica completa son mayores en los pacientes <span class="SpellE">seropositivos</span> (<span class="SpellE">AChRA</span> +) que en los <span class="SpellE">seronegativos</span> y <span class="SpellE">MuSk</span> positivos.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="Subt1" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Discusi&oacute;n y comentarios<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">La MG es una enfermedad <span class="SpellE">autoinmune</span> que tiene como diana antig&eacute;nica primaria el receptor nicot&iacute;nico de la acetilcolina (<span class="SpellE">AChR</span>) situado en la superficie post-sin&aacute;ptica de la uni&oacute;n <span class="SpellE">neuromuscular</span>. Los Anticuerpos contra el receptor de <span class="SpellE">AChR</span>, que interfieren con la transmisi&oacute;n <span class="SpellE">neuromuscular</span>, se detectan en aproximadamente el 90% de las personas con MG generalizada y 50% de los pacientes con enfermedad restringidas a los m&uacute;sculos oculares (miastenia ocular). Un receptor <span class="SpellE">tirosina</span> <span class="SpellE">quinasa</span> espec&iacute;fica del m&uacute;sculo (<span class="SpellE">MuSk</span>) se ha propuesto como otra diana antig&eacute;nica en MG negativa para anticuerpos <span class="SpellE">antiAChR</span>. No se cree los anticuerpos <span class="SpellE">antiMuSk</span> est&eacute;n relacionados con anormalidades <span class="SpellE">t&iacute;micas</span>. El papel del timo en la patog&eacute;nesis de la MG no ha sido ha aclarado completamente, pero podr&iacute;a desempe&ntilde;ar un rol principal como fuente de producci&oacute;n de los linfocitos B capaces de producir anticuerpos para el <span class="SpellE">AChR</span>. Recientemente otros auto-anticuerpos se han identificado en MG <span class="SpellE">AChR</span> y <span class="SpellE">MuSk</span> negativas (dobles <span class="SpellE">seronegativos</span>), dirigidos al receptor de lipoprote&iacute;na de baja densidad asociado con la prote&iacute;na 4 (LRP4)<sup><a name="-72"></a>(<a href="#72">72</a>)</sup>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Cl&iacute;nicamente, la MG es una condici&oacute;n heterog&eacute;nea que se caracteriza por un patr&oacute;n de debilidad variable y <span class="SpellE">fatigabilidad</span> muscular f&aacute;cil a nivel ocular, bulbar, respiratorio, tronco y las extremidades. Si bien cualquier m&uacute;sculo voluntario puede verse afectado, hay una clara predilecci&oacute;n por la musculatura ocular extr&iacute;nseca (ptosis palpebral y diplop&iacute;a), siendo la primera manifestaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica de MG en aproximadamente 50% de los pacientes. Entre 50 y 60% de los pacientes que debutan con s&iacute;ntomas oculares aislados agregan diferente grado de debilidad muscular generalizada en los dos primeros a&ntilde;os despu&eacute;s del diagnostico. El 10% de los pacientes con MG se presentan inicialmente con s&iacute;ntomas bulbares, 10% con compromiso apendicular y 30% con debilidad muscular generalizada. Los pacientes con anticuerpos <span class="SpellE">antiMuSk</span> presentan m&aacute;s frecuentemente un debut de la enfermedad con debilidad predominante de los m&uacute;sculos respiratorios. Alrededor del 30% de los pacientes con MG puramente ocular entraran en remisi&oacute;n completa en los siguientes 10 a&ntilde;os al diagnostico; tambi&eacute;n lo har&aacute;n un 10% de los pacientes con MG generalizada <sup>(<a href="#72">72</a>).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">El tratamiento m&eacute;dico de la MG se basa en un pilar sintom&aacute;tico (<span class="SpellE">anticolinester&aacute;sico</span>) y un pilar modificador de la evoluci&oacute;n de la enfermedad (<span class="SpellE">inmunomodulador</span>). Los f&aacute;rmacos <span class="SpellE">inmunomuduladores</span> incluyen la <span class="SpellE">corticoterapia</span> y los <span class="SpellE">inmunosupresores</span> (rol ahorrador de corticoides) tales como <span class="SpellE">azatioprina</span>, <span class="SpellE">ciclosporina</span>, <span class="SpellE">ciclofosfamida</span>, o <span class="SpellE">micofenolato</span> de <span class="SpellE">mofetilo</span>. La <span class="SpellE">plasmaf&eacute;resis</span> e inmunoglobulina intravenosa (<span class="SpellE">IgIV</span>) se utilizan para el tratamiento de la crisis <span class="SpellE">miast&eacute;nica</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">El papel de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en la MGNT sigue siendo incierto. Los estudios disponibles utilizan diferentes clasificaciones de evaluaci&oacute;n de status cl&iacute;nico post <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> y presentan tasas brutas de remisi&oacute;n y mejor&iacute;a. Los criterios de selecci&oacute;n de candidatos a <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span>, as&iacute; como los reg&iacute;menes de tratamiento m&eacute;dico preoperatorios son muy heterog&eacute;neos. A pesar de lo anterior los estudios disponibles se&ntilde;alan el camino hacia la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> precoz en el curso de la enfermedad, la mejor respuesta en las MGNT <span class="SpellE">seropositivas</span> y la ex&eacute;resis sistem&aacute;tica de restos <span class="SpellE">t&iacute;micos</span> <span class="SpellE">ect&oacute;picos</span>. Para contestar las interrogantes generadas por los resultados disponibles y determinar el impacto que estas consideraciones tendr&aacute;n sobre la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en MGNT se necesitan estudios de mayor nivel de evidencia cient&iacute;fica.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Un ECA est&aacute; actualmente en curso para abordar definitivamente los beneficios de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span>, tanto con respecto al control de los s&iacute;ntomas y un efecto economizador de esteroides (NCT00294658).<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">En conclusi&oacute;n </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">l</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">a indicaci&oacute;n y la oportunidad de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> en la MGNT es a&uacute;n motivo de pol&eacute;mica y no hay suficiente evidencia al d&iacute;a de hoy para <span class="SpellE">laudar</span> el tema, independientemente de la pr&aacute;ctica asistencial habitual de algunos centros de referencia. Sin embargo, la tendencia que surge de los m&uacute;ltiples estudios disponibles muestra: un beneficio (mejor&iacute;a/remisi&oacute;n) de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> versus no <span class="SpellE">Timectom&iacute;a</span>, buenos resultados con las nuevas t&eacute;cnicas <span class="SpellE">m&iacute;nimamente</span> <span class="SpellE">invasivas</span> y favorable de la <span class="SpellE">timectom&iacute;a</span> temprana en pacientes con anticuerpos <span class="SpellE">antireceptores</span> de acetilcolina positivos (<span class="SpellE">AChRA</span> +) y el rol crecientemente importante de la resecci&oacute;n de tejido <span class="SpellE">t&iacute;mico</span> <span class="SpellE">ect&oacute;pico</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="txt" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="Subt1" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD">Bibliograf&iacute;A<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="Subt1" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; font-weight: normal;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-style: italic;"><a name="1"></a></span><a href="#-1">1</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">Gronseth</span> GS, <span class="SpellE">Barohn</span> RJ. Practice parameter: <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">American</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Academy</st1:placetype></st1:place> of Neurology. <span class="GramE">Neurology.</span> 2000<span class="GramE">;55</span>(1):7-15.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="2"></a><a href="#-2">2</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">R&uuml;ckert</span> JC, <span class="SpellE">Sobel</span> HK, <span class="SpellE">G&ouml;hring</span> S, <span class="SpellE">Einh&auml;upl</span> KM, <span class="SpellE">M&uuml;ller</span> JM. <span class="GramE">Matched-pair comparison of three different approaches for <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in myasthenia gravis.</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> <span class="SpellE">Endosc</span> Other <span class="SpellE">Interv</span> Tech. 2003<span class="GramE">;17</span>(5):711-5.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="3"></a><a href="#-3">3</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">Spillane</span> J, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hayward</st1:place></st1:city> M, Hirsch NP, Taylor C, <span class="SpellE">Kullmann</span> DM, Howard RS. <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span>: Role in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. J <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span>. 2013<span class="GramE">;260</span>(7):1798-801.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="4"></a><a href="#-4">4</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">Hsu</span> C-P, <span class="SpellE">Chuang</span> C-Y, <span class="SpellE">Hsu</span> N-Y, <span class="SpellE">Chen</span> C-Y. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Comparison between the right side and <span class="SpellE">subxiphoid</span> bilateral approaches in performing video-assisted <span class="SpellE">thoracoscopic</span> extended <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> <span class="SpellE">Endosc</span>. 2004<span class="GramE">;18</span>(5):821-4.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="5"></a><a href="#-5">5</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Lin M-W, Chang Y-L, Huang P-M, Lee Y-C. <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> for non-<span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis: a comparison of surgical methods and analysis of prognostic factors. <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> J <span class="SpellE">Cardiothorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2010<span class="GramE">;37</span>(1):7-12.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="6"></a><a href="#-6">6</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">Marulli</span> G, <span class="SpellE">Schiavon</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Perissinotto</span> E, <span class="SpellE">Bugana</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Di</span> <span class="SpellE">Chiara</span> F, <span class="SpellE">Rebusso</span> A, et al. Surgical and <span class="SpellE">neurologic</span> outcomes after robotic <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in 100 consecutive patients with myasthenia gravis. J <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> [Internet]. The American Association for Thoracic Surgery; 2013<span class="GramE">;145</span>(3):730-6.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="7"></a><a href="#-7">7</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Pompeo E, <span class="SpellE">Tacconi</span> F, <span class="SpellE">Massa</span> R, <span class="SpellE">Mineo</span> D, <span class="SpellE">Nahmias</span> S, <span class="SpellE">Mineo</span> TC. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Long-term outcome of <span class="SpellE">thoracoscopic</span> extended <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for <span class="SpellE">nonthymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> J Cardio-thoracic <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2009<span class="GramE">;36</span>(1):164-9.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="8"></a><a href="#-8">8</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">Renaud</span> S, <span class="SpellE">Santelmo</span> N, <span class="SpellE">Renaud</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Fleury</span> MC, De <span class="SpellE">Seze</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Tranchant</span> C, et al. Robotic-assisted <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> with <span class="SpellE">da</span> Vinci II versus <span class="SpellE">sternotomy</span> in the surgical treatment of non-<span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis: Early results. Rev <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span> (<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Paris</st1:place></st1:city>) [Internet]. Elsevier Masson SAS; 2013<span class="GramE">;169</span>(1):30-6.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="9"></a><a href="#-9">9</a>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Guillermo GR, <span class="SpellE">T&eacute;llez-Zenteno</span> JF, <span class="SpellE">Weder</span>-Cisneros N, <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Mimenza</span></span> a, <span class="SpellE">Esta&ntilde;ol</span> B, <span class="SpellE">Remes</span>-Troche JM, et al. Response of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span>: clinical and pathological characteristics among <span class="SpellE">seronegative</span> and <span class="SpellE">seropositive</span> myasthenia gravis patients. <span class="SpellE">Acta</span> <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span> Scand. 2004<span class="GramE">;109</span>(3):217-21.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="10"></a><a href="#-10">10</a>.<span style=""> </span>Huang CS, Hsu HS, Huang BS, Lee HC, Kao KP, Hsu WH, et al. Factors influencing the outcome of <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE">Acta</span> <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span> Scand. 2005<span class="GramE">;112</span>(2):108-14.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="11"></a><a href="#-11">11</a>.<span style=""> </span>Huang CS, Cheng CY, Hsu HS, Kao KP, Hsieh CC, Hsu WH, et al. Video-assisted <span class="SpellE">thoracoscopic</span> surgery versus <span class="SpellE">sternotomy</span> in treating myasthenia gravis: Comparison by a case-matched study. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Surg</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">Today</span>. 2011<span class="GramE">;41</span>(3):338-45.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="12"></a><a href="#-12">12</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Mantegazza</span> R, <span class="SpellE">Baggi</span> F, <span class="SpellE">Bernasconi</span> P, <span class="SpellE">Antozzi</span> C, <span class="SpellE">Confalonieri</span> P, <span class="SpellE">Novellino</span> L, et al. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Video-assisted <span class="SpellE">thoracoscopic</span> extended <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> and extended <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> (T-3b) in non-<span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis patients: Remission after 6 years of follow-up. J <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span> <span class="SpellE">Sci</span>. 2003<span class="GramE">;212</span>(1-2):31-6.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="13"></a><a href="#-13">13</a>.<span style=""> </span>Meyer DM, Herbert M a., <span class="SpellE">Sobhani</span> NC, <span class="SpellE">Tavakolian</span> P, Duncan A, <span class="SpellE">Bruns</span> M, et al. Comparative Clinical Outcomes of <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> for Myasthenia Gravis Performed by Extended <span class="SpellE">Transsternal</span> and Minimally Invasive Approaches. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> [Internet]. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons; 2009<span class="GramE">;87</span>(2):385-91.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="14"></a><a href="#-14">14</a>.<span style=""> </span>Ruiz <span class="SpellE">Jr</span> RL, <span class="SpellE">Reibscheid</span> SM, <span class="SpellE">Cataneo</span> AJM, <span class="SpellE">Rezende</span> LADL. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Resultado da <span class="SpellE">Timectom&iacute;a</span> ampliada no <span class="SpellE">tratamento</span> de pacientes <span class="SpellE">com</span> Miastenia <span class="SpellE">gravis</span>. </span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">J Bras <span class="SpellE">Pneumol</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2004<span class="GramE">;30</span>(2):115-20.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="15"></a><a href="#-15">15</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Zieli&#324;ski</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Kuzdza&#322;</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Szlubowski</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Soja</span> J. Comparison of late results of basic <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> and extended <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomies</span> in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2004<span class="GramE">;78</span>(1):253-8.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="16"></a><a href="#-16">16</a>.<span style=""> </span>De <span class="SpellE">Perrot</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Bril</span> V, McRae K, <span class="SpellE">Keshavjee</span> S. Impact of minimally invasive trans-cervical <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> on outcome in patients with myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> J Cardio-thoracic <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2003<span class="GramE">;24</span>(5):677-83.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="17"></a><a href="#-17">17</a>.<span style=""> </span>Endo S, Yamaguchi T, Saito N, <span class="SpellE">Otani</span> S, Hasegawa T, Sato Y, et al. Experience with programmed steroid treatment with <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in <span class="SpellE">nonthymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2004<span class="GramE">;77</span>(5):1745-50.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="18"></a><a href="#-18">18</a>.<span style=""> </span>Kawaguchi N, <span class="SpellE">Kuwabara</span> S, <span class="SpellE">Nemoto</span> Y, <span class="SpellE">Fukutake</span> T, <span class="SpellE">Arimura</span> K, <span class="SpellE">Osame</span> M, et al. Effects of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> on late-onset myasthenia gravis without <span class="SpellE">thymoma</span>. <span class="SpellE">Clin</span> <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span> <span class="SpellE">Neurosurg</span>. 2007<span class="GramE">;109</span>(10):858-61.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="19"></a><a href="#-19">19</a>.<span style=""> </span>Park IK, <span class="SpellE">Choi</span> SS, Lee JG, Kim DJ, Chung KY. Complete stable remission after extended <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> J Cardio-thoracic <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2006<span class="GramE">;30</span>(3):525-8.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="20"></a><a href="#-20">20</a>.<span style=""> </span>Singh RS, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span class="SpellE">Behera</span></st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on">SK</st1:state></st1:place>, <span class="SpellE">Saji</span> R, <span class="SpellE">Dhaliwal</span> RS. <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> for Myasthenia Gravis: 12-Year Experience. Asian <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> Ann [Internet]. 2003<span class="GramE">;11</span>(4):299-303.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="21"></a><a href="#-21">21</a>.<span style=""> </span>Freeman RK, <span class="SpellE">Ascioti</span> AJ, Van <span class="SpellE">Woerkom</span> JM, <span class="SpellE">Vyverberg</span> A, Robison RJ. <span class="GramE">Long-term follow-up after robotic <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for <span class="SpellE">nonthymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis.</span> Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2011<span class="GramE">;92</span>(3):1018-23.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="22"></a><a href="#-22">22</a>.<span style=""> </span>Goldstein SD, Yang SC. Assessment of Robotic <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> Using the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">America</st1:place></st1:country-region> Guidelines. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2010<span class="GramE">;89</span>(4):1080-6.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="23"></a><a href="#-23">23</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Mineo</span> TC, <span class="SpellE">Ambrogi</span> V. Outcomes after <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in class <span class="SpellE">i</span> myasthenia gravis. J <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2013<span class="GramE">;145</span>(5):1319-24.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="24"></a><a href="#-24">24</a>.<span style=""> </span>Saito EH, <span class="SpellE">Higa</span> C, <span class="SpellE">Nunes</span> RA, <span class="SpellE">Magalh&atilde;es</span> GC, <span class="SpellE">Vaz</span> LCA, <span class="SpellE">Cervante</span> VF. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Timectom&iacute;a</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">estendida</span> por <span class="SpellE">cirurgia</span> tor&aacute;cica <span class="SpellE">videoassistida</span> e <span class="SpellE">cervicotomia</span> no <span class="SpellE">tratamento</span> da miastenia. </span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">J <span class="SpellE">Pneumol</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2003<span class="GramE">;29</span>(5):273-9.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="25"></a><a href="#-25">25</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Shrager</span> JB, Nathan D, <span class="SpellE">Brinster</span> CJ, <span class="SpellE">Yousuf</span> O, Spence A, Chen Z, et al. Outcomes After 151 Extended <span class="SpellE">Transcervical</span> <span class="SpellE">Thymectomies</span> for Myasthenia Gravis. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2006<span class="GramE">;82</span>(5):1863-9.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="26"></a><a href="#-26">26</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Cakar</span> F, Werner P, <span class="SpellE">Augustin</span> F, <span class="SpellE">Schmid</span> T, Wolf-<span class="SpellE">Magele</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Sieb</span> M, et al. <span class="GramE">A comparison of outcomes after robotic open extended <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis.</span> <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> J Cardio-thoracic <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2007<span class="GramE">;31</span>(3):501-5.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="27"></a><a href="#-27">27</a>.<span style=""> </span>El-<span class="SpellE">Medany</span> Y, <span class="SpellE">Hajjar</span> W, <span class="SpellE">Essa</span> M, Al-<span class="SpellE">Kattan</span> K, <span class="SpellE">Hariri</span> Z, <span class="SpellE">Ashour</span> M. Predictors of outcome for myasthenia gravis after <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span>. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Asian</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Ann</span>. 2003<span class="GramE">;11</span>(4):323-7.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="28"></a><a href="#-28">28</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Loscertales</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Ayarra</span> <span class="SpellE">Jarne</span> J, Congregado M, Arroyo <span class="SpellE">Trist&aacute;n</span> a, Jim&eacute;nez Merch&aacute;n R, Gir&oacute;n Arjona JC, et al. </span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Video-assisted <span class="SpellE">thoracoscopic</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for the treatment of myasthenia gravis.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> <span class="GramE">Arch <span class="SpellE">Bronconeumol</span>.</span> 2004<span class="GramE">;40</span>(9):409-13.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="29"></a><a href="#-29">29</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Nagayasu</span> T, <span class="SpellE">Yamayoshi</span> T, Matsumoto K, <span class="SpellE">Ide</span> N, <span class="SpellE">Hashizume</span> S, Nomura M, et al. Beneficial effects of <span class="SpellE">plasmapheresis</span> before <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> on the outcome in myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE">Jpn</span> J <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2005<span class="GramE">;53</span>(1):2-7.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="30"></a><a href="#-30">30</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Yeh</span> JH, Chen WH, Huang KM, Chiu HC. <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Prethymectomy</span></span><span class="GramE"> <span class="SpellE">plasmapheresis</span> in myasthenia gravis.</span> <span class="GramE">J <span class="SpellE">Clin</span> <span class="SpellE">Apher</span>.</span> 2005<span class="GramE">;20</span>(4):217-21.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="31"></a><a href="#-31">31</a>.<span style=""> </span>Yuan HK, Huang BS, Kung SY, Kao KP. The effectiveness of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> on <span class="SpellE">seronegative</span> generalized myasthenia gravis: Comparing with <span class="SpellE">seropositive</span> cases. <span class="SpellE">Acta</span> <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span> Scand. 2007<span class="GramE">;115</span>(3):181-4.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="32"></a><a href="#-32">32</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Durieux</span> R, <span class="SpellE">Radermecker</span> M a., <span class="SpellE">Dekoster</span> G, <span class="SpellE">Limet</span> R. Extended <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for <span class="SpellE">myasthenie</span> gravis: A report of 19 consecutive cases. <span class="SpellE">Acta</span> <span class="SpellE">Chir</span> <span class="SpellE">Belg</span>. 2008<span class="GramE">;108</span>(1):102-6.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="33"></a><a href="#-33">33</a>.<span style=""> </span>Kim HK, Park MS, <span class="SpellE">Choi</span> YS, Kim K, Shim YM, Han J, et al. <span class="SpellE">Neurologic</span> outcomes of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in myasthenia gravis: Comparative analysis of the effect of <span class="SpellE">thymoma</span>. J <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2007<span class="GramE">;134</span>(3):601-7.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="34"></a><a href="#-34">34</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Prokakis</span> C, <span class="SpellE">Koletsis</span> E, <span class="SpellE">Salakou</span> S, <span class="SpellE">Apostolakis</span> E, <span class="SpellE">Baltayiannis</span> N, <span class="SpellE">Chatzimichalis</span> A, et al. Modified Maximal <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> for Myasthenia Gravis: Effect of Maximal Resection on Late <span class="SpellE">Neurologic</span> Outcome and Predictors of Disease Remission. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2009<span class="GramE">;88</span>(5):1638-45.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="35"></a><a href="#-35">35</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Tansel</span> T, <span class="SpellE">Onursal</span> E, <span class="SpellE">Barlas</span> S, <span class="SpellE">Tireli</span> E, <span class="SpellE">Alpagut</span> U. Results of surgical treatment for <span class="SpellE">nonthymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> Today. 2003<span class="GramE">;33</span>(9):666-70.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="36"></a><a href="#-36">36</a>.<span style=""> </span>Yu L, Zhang XJ, Ma S, Li F, Zhang YF. <span class="SpellE">Thoracoscopic</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis with and without <span class="SpellE">thymoma</span>: A single-center experience. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Ann</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2012<span class="GramE">;93</span>(1):240-4.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="37"></a><a href="#-37">37</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Meacci</span> E, <span class="SpellE">Cesario</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Margaritora</span> S, <span class="SpellE">Porziella</span> V, <span class="SpellE">Tessitore</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Cusumano</span> G, et al. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Thymectomy</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> in myasthenia gravis via original video-assisted infra-mammary cosmetic incision and median <span class="SpellE">sternotomy</span>: long-term results in 180 patients. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Eur</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> J <span class="SpellE">Cardio</span>-<span class="SpellE">thoracic</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2009<span class="GramE">;35</span>(6):1063-9.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="38"></a><a href="#-38">38</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Tomulescu</span> V, <span class="SpellE">Sgarbura</span> O, <span class="SpellE">Stanescu</span> C, <span class="SpellE">Valciu</span> C, <span class="SpellE">Campeanu</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Herlea</span> V, et al. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Ten-Year Results of <span class="SpellE">Thoracoscopic</span> Unilateral Extended <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> Performed in <span class="SpellE">Nonthymomatous</span> Myasthenia Gravis. Ann <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2011<span class="GramE">;254</span>(5):761-6.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="39"></a><a href="#-39">39</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Toolabi</span> K, <span class="SpellE">Aminian</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Javid</span> MJ, <span class="SpellE">Harirchian</span> MH, <span class="SpellE">Rabani</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Darabnia</span> J. Mid-term results of <span class="SpellE">thoracoscopic</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Neurol</span></span><span class="GramE"> <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</span> 2009<span class="GramE">;57</span>(4):402-5.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="40"></a><a href="#-40">40</a>.<span style=""> </span>Bachmann K, <span class="SpellE">Burkhardt</span> D, <span class="SpellE">Schreiter</span> I, <span class="SpellE">Kaifi</span> J, Busch C, <span class="SpellE">Thayssen</span> G, et al. Long-term outcome and quality of life after open and <span class="SpellE">thoracoscopic</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis: Analysis of 131 patients. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Surg</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">Endosc</span> <span class="SpellE">Other</span> <span class="SpellE">Interv</span> <span class="SpellE">Tech</span>. 2008<span class="GramE">;22</span>(11):2470-7.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="41"></a><a href="#-41">41</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Dohi</span>-<span class="SpellE">Iijima</span> N, <span class="SpellE">Sekijima</span> Y, <span class="SpellE">Nakamura</span> A, Morita H, <span class="SpellE">Matsuda</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Haniuda</span> M, et al. </span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Retrospective analyses of clinical features and therapeutic outcomes in <span class="SpellE">thymectomized</span> patients with myasthenia gravis at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on"><span class="SpellE">Shinshu</span></st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> Intern Med. 2004<span class="GramE">;43</span>(3):189-93.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="42"></a><a href="#-42">42</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Murai</span> H, Uchiyama A, <span class="SpellE">Mei</span> FJ, Kojima M, <span class="SpellE">Kira</span> JI. <span class="GramE">Long-term effects of <span class="SpellE">infrasternal</span> <span class="SpellE">mediastinoscopic</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in myasthenia gravis.</span> J <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span> <span class="SpellE">Sci</span> [Internet]. Elsevier B.V.; 2009<span class="GramE">;287</span>(1-2):185-7.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="43"></a><a href="#-43">43</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Ponseti</span> JM, <span class="SpellE">Azem</span> J, Fort JM, <span class="SpellE">L&oacute;pez</span>-Cano M, <span class="SpellE">Vilallonga</span> R, <span class="SpellE">Gamez</span> J, et al. Experience with starting <span class="SpellE">tacrolimus</span> postoperatively after <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> extended <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in patients with myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Curr</span></span><span class="GramE"> Med <span class="SpellE">Res</span> <span class="SpellE">Opin</span>.</span> 2006<span class="GramE">;22</span>(5):885-95.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="44"></a><a href="#-44">44</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Ponseti</span> JM, <span class="SpellE">Gamez</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Azem</span> J, Fort JM, <span class="SpellE">L&oacute;pez</span>-Cano M, <span class="SpellE">Vilallonga</span> R, et al. Post-<span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> combined treatment of prednisone and <span class="SpellE">tacrolimus</span> versus prednisone alone for consolidation of complete stable remission in patients with myasthenia gravis: a non-randomized, non-controlled study. <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Curr</span></span><span class="GramE"> Med <span class="SpellE">Res</span> <span class="SpellE">Opin</span>.</span> 2007<span class="GramE">;23</span>(6):1269-78.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="45"></a><a href="#-45">45</a>.<span style=""> </span>Chen Z, <span class="SpellE">Luo</span> H, <span class="SpellE">Peng</span> Y, <span class="SpellE">Cai</span> L, Zhang J, Su C, et al. Comparative clinical features and immune responses after extended <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis in patients with atrophic versus <span class="SpellE">hyperplastic</span> thymus. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> [Internet]. Elsevier Inc.; 2011<span class="GramE">;91</span>(1):212-8.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;" lang="EN-US"><a name="46"></a><a href="#-46">46</a>.<span style=""> </span>Fleck T, Fleck M, <span class="SpellE">M&uuml;ller</span> M, Hager H, <span class="SpellE">Klepetko</span> W, <span class="SpellE">Wolner</span> E, et al. Extended <span class="SpellE">videoscopic</span> robotic <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> with the <span class="SpellE">da</span> Vinci <span class="SpellE">telemanipulator</span> for the treatment of myasthenia gravis: the Vienna experience. Interact <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2009<span class="GramE">;9</span>(5):784-7.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="47"></a><a href="#-47">47</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Hammoumi</span> M El, <span class="SpellE">Arsalane</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Oueriachi</span> F El, <span class="SpellE">Kabiri</span> EH. Surgery of myasthenia gravis associated or not with <span class="SpellE">thymoma</span>: A retrospective study of 43 cases. Hear Lung Circ. 2013<span class="GramE">;22</span>(9):738-41.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="48"></a><a href="#-48">48</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Kattach</span> H, <span class="SpellE">Anastasiadis</span> K, <span class="SpellE">Cleuziou</span> J, Buckley C, Shine B, <span class="SpellE">Pillai</span> R, et al. <span class="SpellE">Transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis: Surgical outcome. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2006<span class="GramE">;81</span>(1):305-8.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="49"></a><a href="#-49">49</a>.<span style=""> </span>Liu Z, <span class="SpellE">Feng</span> H, <span class="SpellE">Yeung</span> SCJ, <span class="SpellE">Zheng</span> Z, Liu W, Ma J, et al. Extended <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for the treatment of ocular myasthenia gravis. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2011<span class="GramE">;92</span>(6):1993-9.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="50"></a><a href="#-50">50</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Sekine</span> Y, Kawaguchi N, Hamada C, <span class="SpellE">Sekiguchi</span> H, <span class="SpellE">Yasufuku</span> K, <span class="SpellE">Iyoda</span> A, et al. Does <span class="SpellE">perioperative</span> high-dose <span class="SpellE">prednisolone</span> have clinical benefits for generalized myasthenia gravis? <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> J Cardio-thoracic <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2006<span class="GramE">;29</span>(6):908-13.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="51"></a><a href="#-51">51</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Shahrizaila</span> N, Pacheco O a., Vidal DG, <span class="SpellE">Miyares</span> FR, Wills a. J. <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> in myasthenia gravis: Comparison of outcome in Santiago, Cuba and Nottingham, UK. J <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span>. 2005<span class="GramE">;252</span>(10):1262-6.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="52"></a><a href="#-52">52</a>.<span style=""> </span>Bachmann K, <span class="SpellE">Burkhardt</span> D, <span class="SpellE">Schreiter</span> I, <span class="SpellE">Kaifi</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Schurr</span> P, Busch C, et al. <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> is more effective than conservative treatment for myasthenia gravis regarding outcome and clinical improvement. <span class="GramE">Surgery [Internet].</span> <span class="SpellE">Mosby</span>, Inc.; 2009<span class="GramE">;145</span>(4):392-8.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="53"></a><a href="#-53">53</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Ponseti</span> JM, <span class="SpellE">Caritg</span> N, <span class="SpellE">Gamez</span> J, <span class="SpellE">L&oacute;pez</span>-Cano M, <span class="SpellE">Vilallonga</span> R, <span class="SpellE">Armengol</span> M. <span class="GramE">A comparison of long-term post-<span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> outcome of anti-<span class="SpellE">AChR</span>-positive, anti-<span class="SpellE">AChR</span>-negative and anti-<span class="SpellE">MuSK</span>-positive patients with non-<span class="SpellE">thymomatous</span> myasthenia gravis.</span> <span class="GramE">Expert <span class="SpellE">Opin</span> <span class="SpellE">Biol</span> <span class="SpellE">Ther</span>.</span> 2009<span class="GramE">;9</span>(1):1-8.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="54"></a><a href="#-54">54</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">R&uuml;ckert</span> JC, <span class="SpellE">Ismail</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Swierzy</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Sobel</span> H, <span class="SpellE">Rogalla</span> P, <span class="SpellE">Meisel</span> A, et al. <span class="SpellE">Thoracoscopic</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> with the <span class="SpellE">da</span> Vinci robotic system for myasthenia gravis. Ann N Y <span class="SpellE">Acad</span> <span class="SpellE">Sci</span>. 2008<span class="GramE">;1132:329</span>-35.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="55"></a><a href="#-55">55</a>.<span style=""> </span>Zielinski M, <span class="SpellE">Hauer</span> L, <span class="SpellE">Hauer</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Pankowski</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Nabialek</span> T, <span class="SpellE">Szlubowski</span> A. Comparison of complete remission rates after 5 year follow-up of three different techniques of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis. <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Eur</span></span><span class="GramE"> J Cardio-thoracic <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> [Internet].</span> European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery; 2010<span class="GramE">;37</span>(5):1137-43. Available from: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.11.029">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.11.029</a><o:p></o:p></span><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="56"></a><a href="#-56">56</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Zieli&#324;ski</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Kuzdza&#322;</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Szlubowski</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Soja</span> J. <span class="SpellE">Transcervical-subxiphoid-videothoracoscopic</span> &ldquo;maximal&rdquo; <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> - Operative technique and early results. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 2004<span class="GramE">;78</span>(2):404-9. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="57"></a><a href="#-57">57</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Niaz</span> <span class="SpellE">Hussain</span>, <span class="SpellE">Syed</span> <span class="SpellE">Waqar</span> Ahmed, <span class="SpellE">Tanveer</span> Ahmed, Abu <span class="SpellE">Bakar</span> <span class="SpellE">Hafeez</span>, <span class="SpellE">Roohina</span> <span class="SpellE">Baloch</span>, <span class="SpellE">Shoukat</span> Ali. <span class="GramE">Experience of <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> by median <span class="SpellE">sternotomy</span> in patients with myasthenia gravis.</span> J Pak Med Assoc. 2010; 60:368.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="58"></a><a href="#-58">58</a>.<span style=""> </span>Lei Yu, Ma Shan, <span class="SpellE">Jian</span> <span class="SpellE">Jiang</span>, <span class="SpellE">Yun</span> <span class="SpellE">Jing</span>, <st1:place w:st="on">Nan</st1:place> <span class="SpellE">Zang</span>. Combined <span class="SpellE">Transcervical</span> and Unilateral-<span class="SpellE">thoracoscopic</span> <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> for Myasthenia Gravis: 2 Years of Follow-up. <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> <span class="SpellE">Laparosc</span> <span class="SpellE">Endosc</span> <span class="SpellE">Percutan</span> Tech 2008<span class="GramE">;18:489</span>-492.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="59"></a><a href="#-59">59</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Mansour</span> A. Al-<span class="SpellE">Moallem</span>, <span class="SpellE">Nura</span> H. Alkali, Mohammed A. <span class="SpellE">Hakami</span>, <span class="SpellE">Radwan</span> M. <span class="SpellE">Zaidan</span>. Myasthenia gravis: presentation and outcome in 104 patients managed in a single institution. Ann Saudi Med. 2008; 28(5<span class="GramE">) .    </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="60"></a><a href="#-60">60</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Adnan</span> Khan, <span class="SpellE">Aamir</span> <span class="SpellE">Bilal</span>, Abdul <span class="SpellE">Baseer</span>. <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis: <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">peshawar</span></span></st1:place></st1:city> experience of 27 cases in five years. <span class="GramE">JPMI.</span> 2007; 21(04):238-241.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="61"></a><a href="#-61">61</a>.<span style=""> </span>Anthony <span class="SpellE">Manlulu</span>, <span class="SpellE">Tak</span> <span class="SpellE">Wai</span> Lee, <span class="SpellE">Innes</span> Wan, Chun <span class="SpellE">Yat</span> Law, Carlin Chang. <span class="GramE">Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> for <span class="SpellE">Nonthymomatous</span> Myasthenia Gravis.</span> CHEST 2005; 128:3454-3460.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="62"></a><a href="#-62">62</a>.<span style=""> </span>Huang C-S, Hsu H-S, Huang B-S, Lee H-C, Kao K-P, Hsu W-H, Huang M-H. Factors influencing the outcome of <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis<span class="GramE">..</span> <span class="SpellE">Acta</span> <span class="SpellE">Neurol</span> Scand 2005: 112: 108-114.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="63"></a><a href="#-63">63</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Jose</span> F. <span class="SpellE">Tellez</span>-<span class="SpellE">Zenteno</span>, <span class="SpellE">jose</span> M. Remes-<span class="SpellE">Troche</span>, Guillermo <span class="SpellE">Garcia</span>-Ramos, Bruno <span class="SpellE">Esta&ntilde;ol</span>, Juan Gardu&ntilde;o-<span class="SpellE">Espinoza</span>. </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Pronostic</span></span></span><span class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> Factors of <span class="SpellE">Thymectomy</span> in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on"><span class="GramE">Ann.</span></st1:city><span class="GramE"> <st1:state w:st="on">N.Y.</st1:state></span></st1:place><span class="GramE"> <span class="SpellE">Acad.Sci</span>.</span> <span class="GramE">2003; 998: 491-493.    </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="64"></a><a href="#-64">64</a>.<span style=""> </span>Fredrik <span class="SpellE">Romi</span>, <span class="SpellE">Nils</span> E. <span class="SpellE">Gilhus</span>, Jan E. <span class="SpellE">Varhaug</span>, Andreas <span class="SpellE">Myking</span>, <span class="SpellE">Geir</span> O. <span class="SpellE">Skeie</span>, Johan A. <span class="SpellE">Aaeli</span>. <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Thymectomy</span></span><span class="GramE"> and <span class="SpellE">antimuscle</span> antibodies in <span class="SpellE">nonthymomatous</span> Myasthenia Gravis.</span> Ann. <span class="SpellE">N<span class="GramE">:Y:Acad.Sci</span></span>. 2003; 998: 481-490<span class="GramE">.    .</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="65"></a><a href="#-65">65</a>.<span style=""> </span>Joseph B. <span class="SpellE">Shrager</span>, Derek Nathan, Clayton J. <span class="SpellE">Brinster</span>, <span class="SpellE">Omair</span> <span class="SpellE">Yousuf</span>, Abraham Spence, Zhen Chen, Larry R. Kaiser. Outcomes After 151 Extended <span class="SpellE">Transcervical</span> <span class="SpellE">Thymectomies</span> for Myasthenia Gravis. Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> 2006<span class="GramE">;82:1863</span>-9.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="66"></a><a href="#-66">66</a>.<span style=""> </span>Atsushi Watanabe, Toshiaki Watanabe, <span class="SpellE">Takuro</span> <span class="SpellE">Obama</span>, <span class="SpellE">Tohru</span> <span class="SpellE">Mawatari</span>, Hisayoshi <span class="SpellE">Ohsawa</span>, <span class="SpellE">Yasunori</span> <span class="SpellE">Ichimiya</span>, Noriyuki Takahashi, <span class="SpellE">Katsuyuki</span> <span class="SpellE">Kusajima</span>. <span class="GramE">Prognostic factors for <span class="SpellE">myasthenic</span> crisis after <span class="SpellE">transsternal</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> in patients with myasthenia gravis.</span> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">J <span class="SpellE">thoracic</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> cardiovascular <span class="SpellE">Surgery</span><span class="GramE">,2004</span>; 04: 868-876.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="67"></a><a href="#-67">67</a>.<span style=""> </span>Norberto <span class="SpellE">Lucilli</span>, Roberto Rey, Roberto <span class="SpellE">Sica</span>, Miguel Astudillo, Gonzalo <span class="SpellE">Demarchi</span>, Roberto <span class="SpellE">Lamy</span>. Tratamiento quir&uacute;rgico de la miastenia <span class="SpellE">gravis</span>. Rev. <span class="SpellE">Argent</span>. <span class="SpellE">Cirug</span>., 2006; 90 (5-6): 223-234.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="68"></a><a href="#-68">68</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">Jaretki</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Braohn</span> RJ, <span class="SpellE">Renstoff</span> RM, et al. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research <span class="SpellE">standars</span>. <span class="GramE">Neurology.</span> <span class="GramE">2000; 55: 16-23.    </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="69"></a><a href="#-69">69</a>.<span style=""> </span>Wolfe GI, <span class="SpellE">Herbelin</span> L, Nations SP, Foster B, Bryan WW, <span class="SpellE">Barohn</span> RJ. Myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile. <span class="GramE">Neurology 1999.</span> 52: 1487-1489</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;     font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="70"></a><a href="#-70">70</a>.<span style=""> </span>Keynes G. et al. Surgery of thymus gland: second thoughts<span class="GramE">..</span> Lancet 1954<span class="GramE">;1:1197</span>-1202.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p class="Bibliog" style="text-align: left; line-height: normal;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="71"></a><a href="#-71">71</a>.<span style=""> </span><span class="SpellE">DeFilippi</span> VJ, Richman DP, Ferguson MK. <span class="SpellE">Transcervical</span> <span class="SpellE">thymectomy</span> for myasthenia gravis. <span class="GramE">Ann <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>. 1994; 57:194-197.    </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="72"></a><a href="#-72">72</a>.<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Meriggioli</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> MN. Myasthenia Gravis: <span class="SpellE">Immunopathogenesis</span>, Diagnosis and Management. </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Continuum</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"> <span class="SpellE">Myasthenic</span> <span class="SpellE">Disorders</span> and ALS. 2009<span class="GramE">;15</span>(1):35-62.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>         </div>              ]]></body><back>
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