<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-1249</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Archivos de Pediatría del Uruguay]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Arch. Pediatr. Urug.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-1249</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Uruguaya de Pediatría]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-12492017000300142</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cánula nasal de alto flujo en niños con crisis asmática en un servicio de urgencias pediátrico]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[High-flow nasal cannula therapy in children with severe asthma exacerbations in a pediatric emergency department]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morosini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabiana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tórtora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amarillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paloma]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bernardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Más]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dall&#8217;Orso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Patricia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prego]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,UDELAR Facultad de Medicina Emergencia Pediátrica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,UDELAR Facultad de Medicina Emergencia Pediátrica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,UDELAR Facultad de Medicina Emergencia Pediatrica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,UDELAR Facultad de Medicina Emergencia Pediátrica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,UDELAR Facultad de Medicina Emergencia Pediátrica]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>88</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>142</fpage>
<lpage>148</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-12492017000300142&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-12492017000300142&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-12492017000300142&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:  Introducción:  la oxigenoterapia por catéter nasal de alto flujo (CNAF) es un recurso terapéutico probado en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda en lactantes; hay pocos trabajos en niños mayores en la urgencia pediátrica. Se aplica en el Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrica (DEP) del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR) desde 2013 en lactantes con broncoobstrucción. Publicaciones recientes avalan su aplicación en niños de todas las edades.  Objetivos:  comunicar la experiencia con el uso de CNAF en pacientes mayores de 2 años con crisis asmática moderada-severa en el DEP-CHPR.  Material y métodos:  estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de niños mayores de 2 años con crisis asmática asistidos con CNAF en el DEP-CHPR entre 01/06/13 y el 31/08/2016. La severidad de la crisis asmática se evaluó siguiendo el Pediatric Asthma Score (severa &gt; 11, moderada 8 a 11). Se utilizó equipo Fisher Paykel, con flujímetro de hasta 70 L/min.  Resultados:  78 pacientes (41 niñas). Crisis asmática moderada 34; severa 44. PAS: media 11 (9-14). Flujo máximo: media 30 L/m (12-60). Duración OAF en DEP: media 15 h (1-46). CNAF como único soporte respiratorio: 42; ventilación no invasiva 33. AVM: tres pacientes. En un paciente: se detectó neumotórax hipertensivo en la radiografía realizada después del inicio de la CNAF. No hubo fallecimientos.  Conclusiones:  la CNAF resultó un recurso terapéutico sencillo y accesible para el tratamiento inicial de niños mayores de 2 años con fallo respiratorio. Se utilizaron flujos de 2 L/kg/min, con buena tolerancia. Constituyó el único soporte respiratorio en la mitad de este grupo. Su indicación temprana en el tratamiento escalonado de la crisis asmática en la emergencia ha aumentado; deberá considerarse en los protocolos de atención de la crisis asmática.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Summary:  Introduction:  high flow nasal cannula is used for the treatment of acute respiratory failure in infants, although there are few publications referred to older children in the Emergency Department. HFNC has been used at the Pediatric Emergency Department (PED) of Pereira Rossell Hospital since 2013, in infants with bronchial obstruction. Recent research has found it may be recommended for children of all ages.  Objectives:  to describe the experience in the use of HFNC in patients older than 2 years old, when they presented moderate and severe asthma exacerbation episodes at the in Pediatric Emergency Department of Pereira Rossell Hospital.  Method:  descriptive, retrospective study including children older than 2 years old with asthma exacerbations treated with HFNC, at the in Pediatric Emergency Department of Pereira Rossell Hospital between 06/01/13 - 08/31/16. The severity of acute asthma was evaluated with the Pediatric Asthma Score (severe being &gt; 11, and moderate from 8 to 11). Fisher Paykel CNAF equipment was used up to 70 L/min.  Results:  78 patients (41 female): Moderate exacerbation 34; severe 44. PAS: median 11 (9-14). Maximum flow: median 30L/m (12 - 60). HFNC in PED: median 15 h (1-46). HFNC as the only respiratory support: 42; non- invasive ventilation: 33. MVA: 3 patients. 1 patient: hypertensive pneumothorax in x-ray performed after the initiation of HNFC. No deaths recorded.  Conclusions:  HNFC was a simple and accessible therapy for the initial treatment of children older than 2 years old with acute respiratory failure. Oxygen flows of 2 L/k/min were used and no complications arose. It was the only respiratory support in half of these children. Its early indication in progressive treatment of acute asthma has increased. HNFC should now be included in protocols for management of asthma exacerbations.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Terapia por inhalación de oxígeno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Asma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Insuficiencia respiratoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Oxygen inhalation therapy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Asthma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Respiratory insufficiency]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high-flow nasal prong oxygen delivery]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schibler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Foster]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barlow]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibbons]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>847-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Predictors of failure in infants with viral bronchiolitis treated with high-flow, high-humidity nasal cannula therapy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Abboud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Skiles]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stolfi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rowin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>e343-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impacto clínico de implantación de la ventilación por alto flujo de oxígeno en el tratamiento de la bronquiolitis en una planta de hospitalización pediátrica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>210-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of high-flow nasal cannula support in the emergency department reduces the need for intubation in pediatric acute respiratory insufficiency]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[James]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maranda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Armsby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Emerg Care]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1117-23</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Beneficial effects of humidified high flow nasal oxygen in critical care patients a prospective pilot study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sztrymf]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Messika]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bertrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hurel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dreyfuss]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>11</numero>
<issue>11</issue>
<page-range>1780-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High flow nasal cannulae therapy in infants with bronchiolitis]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKiernan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chua]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Visintainer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>156</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>634-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Experiencia con oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en cánulas nasales en niños]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urbano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mencía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cidoncha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Herce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santiago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carrillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Pediatr]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>4-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en niños con infección respiratoria aguda baja e insuficiencia respiratoria]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tejera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dall´Orso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boulay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ambrois]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Pediatr Urug]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>83</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>111-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for infants with bronchiolitis pilot study]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bogossian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O'Malley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schibler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Paediatr Child Health]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>373-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Impacto de la implementación de oxigenoterapia de alto flujo en el manejo de la insuficiencia respiratoria por infecciones respiratorias agudas bajas en un departamento de emergencia pediátrica]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morosini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dall´Orso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alegretti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rocha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cedrés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Pediatr Urug]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>87-94</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>Fisher & Paykel Healthcare</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Optiflow(tm) junior nasal cannula: product information]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Auckland ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[F&P]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinchak]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Atención pediátrica: normas nacionales de diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<edition>8</edition>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Montevideo ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oficina del libro FEFMUR]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-flow nasal cannula recommendations for daily practice in pediatrics]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milési]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boubal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jacquot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baleine]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Durand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Odena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Intensive Care]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carratalá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gutiérrez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masclans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Current evidence for the effectiveness of heated and humidified high flow nasal cannula supportive therapy in adult patients with respiratory failure]]></article-title>
<collab>Spanish Multidisciplinary Group of High Flow Supportive Therapy in Adults</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>109</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A case series of paediatric high flow nasal cannula therapy]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jauncey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bogossian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aust Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>26</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>189-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Masclans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Clin Pulm Med]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>127-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Children with respiratory distress treated with high-flow nasal cannula]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spentzas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Minarik]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Patters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stidham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[J Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>323-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-flow oxygen administration by nasal cannula for adult and perinatal patients]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ward]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Respir Care]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>98-122</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortolá]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Estatus asmático en pediatría]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Valencia ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Española de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in term infants (protocol)]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mayfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jauncey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schibler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hough]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bogossian]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cochrane Database Syst Rev]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>3</volume>
<page-range>CD011010</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula therapy in children]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutchings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hilliard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Arch Dis Child]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>100</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>571-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>New South Wales Government</collab>
<collab>Ministry of Health</collab>
<collab>Office of Kids and Families</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Humidified high flow nasal cannula oxygen guideline for metropolitan paediatric wards and EDs]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Sidney ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Ministry of Health]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-flow nasal cannula use in children with respiratory distress in the emergency department predicting the need for subsequent intubation]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sturm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Emerg Care]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>888-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High flow nasal cannula in children a literature review]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mikalsen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Øymar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>93</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Use of high flow nasal cannula in critically ill infants, children, and adults a critical review of the literature]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rehder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williford]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cheifetz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Turner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Intensive Care Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>39</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>247-57</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Actualización en oxigenoterapia de alto flujo]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[An Pediatr Contin]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>25-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Frat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thille]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Girault]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ragot]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perbet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure]]></article-title>
<collab>FLORALI Study GroupREVA Network</collab>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>372</volume>
<numero>23</numero>
<issue>23</issue>
<page-range>2185-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[High flow nasal oxygen generates positive airway pressure in adult volunteers]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Groves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tobin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Aust Crit Care]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>126-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Influences of cannula size and flow rate on aerosol drug delivery through the Vapotherm humidified high-flow nasal cannula system]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perry]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kesser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Selhorst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rendle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hertzog]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Crit Care Med]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>e250-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In vitro comparison of heliox and oxygen in aerosol delivery using pediatric high flow nasal cannula]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sheard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dailey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fink]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatr Pulmonol]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<numero>8</numero>
<issue>8</issue>
<page-range>795-801</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Serious air leak syndrome complicating high-flow nasal cannula therapy a report of 3 cases]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hegde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prodhan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pediatrics]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>131</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>e939-44</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
