<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-0420</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev.Urug.Cardiol.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-0420</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Uruguaya de Cardiología]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-04202014000300023</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Hipertensión arterial pulmonar]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Trujillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Médica Uruguaya Corporación de Asistencia Médica Instituto de Cardiología Integral Servicio de Hemodinamia de Adultos]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>29</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>467</fpage>
<lpage>477</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-04202014000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-04202014000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-04202014000300023&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ADULTO]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CARDIOPATÍAS CONGÉNITAS-clasificación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[CARDIOPATÍAS CONGÉNITAS-fisiopatología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COMPLEJO DE EISENMENGER]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[HIPERTENSIÓN PULMONAR-fisiopatología]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[HIPERTENSIÓN PULMONAR-quimioterapia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ADULT]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL-classification]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL-physiopathology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[EISENMENGER COMPLEX]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY-physiopathology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY-drug therapy]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p><b><span style="font-family: Verdana; ">Art&iacute;culo de revisi&oacute;n&nbsp;</span></b></p>             <p><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Candara; ">CARDIOPAT&Iacute;AS CONG&Eacute;NITAS    <br>        DEL ADULTO&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Hipertensi&oacute;n arterial pulmonar&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Dr. Pedro Trujillo</span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="1aa"></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(218, 37, 29);"><a href="#1a" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">1</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">&nbsp;</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="1a"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#1aa" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">1</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Profesor Adjunto de la C&aacute;tedra de Cardiolog&iacute;a, Centro Cardiovascular Universitario.    <br>        Cardi&oacute;logo Intervencionista del Servicio de <span class="SpellE">Hemodinamia</span> de Adultos del Instituto de Cardiolog&iacute;a Integral- M&eacute;dica Uruguaya.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Palabras clave:     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>        </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">ADULTO    <br>        CARDIOPAT&Iacute;AS CONG&Eacute;NITAS-clasificaci&oacute;n    <br>        CARDIOPAT&Iacute;AS CONG&Eacute;NITAS-fisiopatolog&iacute;a    <br>        COMPLEJO DE EISENMENGER    <br>        HIPERTENSI&Oacute;N PULMONAR-fisiopatolog&iacute;a    <br>        HIPERTENSI&Oacute;N PULMONAR-quimioterapia</span></p>          <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">&nbsp;</p>           <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span class="SpellE"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Key</span></b></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">words</span>:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">     <br>        ADULT     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>        HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL-<span class="SpellE">classification</span>    <br>        HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL-<span class="SpellE">physiopathology</span>     <br>        EISENMENGER COMPLEX    <br>        HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY-<span class="SpellE">physiopathology</span>    <br>        HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY-drug <span class="SpellE">therapy</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Definici&oacute;n y clasificaci&oacute;n&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span> <o:p></o:p></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La circulaci&oacute;n pulmonar normal es un circuito aislado de alto flujo y baja presi&oacute;n, resultado final de un proceso de evoluci&oacute;n de los mam&iacute;feros dirigido a optimizar el intercambio gaseoso. Esta evoluci&oacute;n se ha acompa&ntilde;ado de una remodelaci&oacute;n progresiva del ventr&iacute;culo derecho, transform&aacute;ndolo en un generador de flujo, de paredes finas, incapaz de soportar bruscos incrementos de la <span class="GramE">poscarga<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="1."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#1" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">1</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La presi&oacute;n arterial pulmonar media (<span class="SpellE">PAPm</span>) normal, en reposo, es de 13 <span class="SpellE">mmHg</span> (entre 8 y 20), independientemente del sexo y de la edad. La resistencia vascular pulmonar (RVP) normal es 55 <span class="SpellE">dynas&middot;s&middot;cm</span><sup>-5</sup> (entre 12 y 100) y su correlaci&oacute;n en unidades <span class="SpellE">Wood</span> se infiere a partir de la equivalencia una unidad <span class="SpellE">Wood</span> = 80 <span class="SpellE">dynas&middot;s&middot;cm</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">-5 (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#1" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">1</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p>         <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Se define hipertensi&oacute;n arterial pulmonar (HP) como aquella condici&oacute;n hemodin&aacute;mica y <span class="SpellE">fisiopatol&oacute;gica</span> caracterizada por un aumento de <span class="SpellE">PAPm</span> &sup3; 25 <span class="SpellE">mmHg</span> en reposo, estimada mediante el cateterismo card&iacute;aco derecho (CCD)</span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> (<a name="2."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#2" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">2</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">,<a name="3."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#3" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">3</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.    <br> &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span>            <br> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Existe una clasificaci&oacute;n hemodin&aacute;mica y otra cl&iacute;nica de la HP, ambas recientemente corregidas en el 5&deg; Simposio Mundial de Hipertensi&oacute;n Pulmonar, celebrado en Niza, Francia, en febrero de 2013. La clasificaci&oacute;n hemodin&aacute;mica (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#tab_1" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">tabla 1</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">) est&aacute; basada exclusivamente en la informaci&oacute;n obtenida directamente del CCD (flujo pulmonar, presi&oacute;n capilar pulmonar y RVP) e identifica tres grupos, HP <span class="SpellE">precapilar</span>, HP <span class="SpellE">poscapilar</span> e HP combinada (<span class="SpellE">pre</span> y pos). Aporta informaci&oacute;n conceptual y es de gran utilidad para dilucidar el o los mecanismos <span class="SpellE">fisiopatol&oacute;gicos</span> involucrados en la HP estudiada.</span> </p>         <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="tab_1"></a><img style="width: 578px; height: 366px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ruc/v29n3/3a23t1.JPG">&nbsp; </span></p>                 <p style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La clasificaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica de la HP ha evolucionado en forma paralela al conocimiento patol&oacute;gico de las enfermedades que subyacen a este s&iacute;ndrome. Fue propuesta por primera vez en el a&ntilde;o 1973 por la <span class="SpellE">Oganizaci&oacute;n</span> Mundial de la Salud en Ginebra (Suiza) y revisada sucesivamente en <span class="SpellE">Evian</span> (Francia) en 1998 y Venecia (Italia) en el a&ntilde;o 2003. En Dana <span class="SpellE">Point</span> 2008 (California, Estados Unidos) la clasificaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica se consolid&oacute; con algunos cambios, identific&aacute;ndose cinco grupos de HP con diferente mecanismo patog&eacute;nico, evoluci&oacute;n y <span class="GramE">tratamiento<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="4."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#4" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">4</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">-<a name="5."></a><a name="6."></a><a name="7."></a><a name="8."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#8" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">8</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">:&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol">&middot;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El grupo 1 es una entidad poco frecuente con una <span class="SpellE">prevalencia</span> de 15 personas por mill&oacute;n de habitantes; esta HP puede ser <span class="SpellE">idiop&aacute;tica</span>, heredable, asociada a medicamentos o toxinas y a situaciones cl&iacute;nicas diversas, por ejemplo: <span class="SpellE">conectivopat&iacute;as</span>, hipertensi&oacute;n portal, cardiopat&iacute;as cong&eacute;nitas (CC) e infecci&oacute;n por VIH, entre otras.&nbsp;</span></p>          <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol">&middot;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span> <span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">&nbsp;  El grupo 2 es la HP asociada al paciente con cardiopat&iacute;a o <span class="SpellE">valvulopat&iacute;a</span> izquierda. Cerca de un 40% de los pacientes con enfermedad del lado izquierdo del coraz&oacute;n presentan HP y constituyen su causa m&aacute;s frecuente (50%); esta HP es un marcador pron&oacute;stico y tiene importantes implicancias terap&eacute;uticas.    <br> &nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> </p>               ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol">&middot;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El grupo 3 es la HP vinculada a la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cr&oacute;nica (EPOC), de la cual es una complicaci&oacute;n frecuente que afecta su pron&oacute;stico.</span></p>     <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                     <p class="MsoNormal" style=""> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol">&middot;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El grupo 4 de HP es la enfermedad <span class="SpellE">tromboemb&oacute;lica</span> cr&oacute;nica que representa entre 5% a 10% de los casos.</span></p>     <p class="MsoNormal" style=""> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 17.85pt; text-indent: -17.85pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol">&middot;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El grupo 5 es un grupo heterog&eacute;neo de causa no aclarada y mecanismos desconocidos.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                <p style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">En Niza 2013 se hicieron algunas modificaciones en los cinco grupos mencionados que se expresan en la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);">  <a href="/img/revistas/ruc/v29n3/3a23t2.JPG" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">tabla 2</a></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">(<a name="9."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#9" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">9</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">&nbsp; </span></p>          <p><span class="SpellE"><b> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Prevalencia</span></b></span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> y clasificaci&oacute;n de las cardiopat&iacute;as cong&eacute;nitas con HP&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Se estima que de 4% a 15% de las CC desarrollar&aacute;n HP y de 1% a 6% evolucionar&aacute;n a s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span>. La presencia de HP tiene un impacto adverso en la calidad de vida y en la evoluci&oacute;n de las <span class="GramE">CC<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#6" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">6</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">-</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#9" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">9</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">En el Registro Nacional franc&eacute;s de HP, las CC asociadas a HP ocupan el segundo lugar en frecuencia, luego de la HP asociada a <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">conectivopat&iacute;as</span></span><span class="GramE"><sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="10."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#10" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">10</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Cl&aacute;sicamente todas las CC son consideradas causa de HP, algunas producen hipertensi&oacute;n pulmonar venosa, otras producen hipertensi&oacute;n arterial pulmonar y existe un grupo que producen HP no clasificable. Todas est&aacute;n representadas en la clasificaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica general de la HP de Niza 2013, y pertenecen respectivamente a los grupos 1, 2 y 5. Las CC productoras de HP son los cortocircuitos izquierda-derecha <span class="SpellE">pre</span> y <span class="SpellE">postricusp&iacute;deos</span> as&iacute; como las anastomosis confeccionadas quir&uacute;rgicamente (cirug&iacute;as paliativas) que exponen a la <span class="SpellE">vasculatura</span> pulmonar a <span class="SpellE">hiperflujo</span> e hipertensi&oacute;n. Las CC productoras de hipertensi&oacute;n venosa pulmonar son las obstrucciones al tracto de salida o entrada al ventr&iacute;culo izquierdo y las <span class="SpellE">miocardiopatias</span> cong&eacute;nitas. En el grupo 5 se incluyen: la HP <span class="SpellE">segmentaria</span>, la transposici&oacute;n de los grandes vasos y aquellos pacientes con HP luego de la confecci&oacute;n de una circulaci&oacute;n de <span class="SpellE">Fontan</span> por ventr&iacute;culo &uacute;nico.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Existe una <span class="SpellE">subclasificaci&oacute;n</span> <span class="SpellE">fisiopatol&oacute;gica</span> y anat&oacute;mica descriptiva de las CC que considera el tipo y las dimensiones del defecto, la direcci&oacute;n del cortocircuito, la presencia de anormalidades card&iacute;acas u <span class="SpellE">extracard&iacute;acas</span> asociadas y el estado de reparaci&oacute;n (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#tab_3" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">tabla 3</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">) </span> <sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">(<a name="11."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#11" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">11</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">,<a name="12."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#12" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">12</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><span class="GramE">) <span style="vertical-align: baseline;">.&nbsp;</span></span></span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">&nbsp;<a name="tab_3"></a><img style="width: 285px; height: 695px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ruc/v29n3/3a23t3.JPG">&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>          <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Se ha propuesto tambi&eacute;n otra clasificaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica y <span class="SpellE">fisiopatol&oacute;gica</span> que incluye todo el espectro de CC con HP (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="/img/revistas/ruc/v29n3/3a23t4.JPG" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">tabla 4</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> (<a name="13."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#13" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">13</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></p>           <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La utilidad de estas clasificaciones es permitir una detallada descripci&oacute;n de cada condici&oacute;n particular, definiendo el mecanismo <span class="SpellE">fisiopatol&oacute;gico</span> involucrado. Sin embargo, para el uso pr&aacute;ctico cl&iacute;nico, cuatro fenotipos diferentes han sido establecidos en las CC con HP. Estos difieren en el manejo, pron&oacute;stico y respuesta al tratamiento, por lo que esta clasificaci&oacute;n es de gran utilidad (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#tab_5" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">tabla 5</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><span class="GramE">)<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#9" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">9</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span></p>          <p><a name="tab_5"></a><img style="width: 579px; height: 317px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ruc/v29n3/3a23t5.JPG"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                  <p>              <b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Anatom&iacute;a de las cardiopat&iacute;as cong&eacute;nitas asociadas a hipertensi&oacute;n arterial pulmonar&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">     <br> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span>            <br> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La comunicaci&oacute;n interventricular (CIV) es la CC que m&aacute;s frecuentemente causa <span class="GramE">HP<sup>(</sup></span><sup>14)</sup>. Existen m&uacute;ltiples tipos de CIV dependiendo de su ubicaci&oacute;n, aunque es habitual la coexistencia de m&aacute;s de un defecto en el <span class="SpellE">septum</span> interventricular.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span>        </p>            <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La CIV vinculada al tracto de entrada forma parte de los defectos del canal <span class="SpellE">auriculoventricular</span> (AV) y frecuentemente se asocia al s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Down</span>. Esta variante es la causa m&aacute;s frecuente de HP (40% de los pacientes con esta variante de CIV desarrollan HP). El tama&ntilde;o de la CIV es estimado como la relaci&oacute;n de di&aacute;metros entre la CIV y el anillo a&oacute;rtico, los defectos con di&aacute;metros menores o iguales a 25% del anillo a&oacute;rtico son definidos como peque&ntilde;os o restrictivos. Esto limita el cortocircuito y en este escenario es menos probable el desarrollo de HP. Los defectos con di&aacute;metros mayores a 75% del anillo a&oacute;rtico son definidos como grandes y la probabilidad del desarrollo de HP aumenta significativamente.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                     <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">  <multicol gutter="18" cols="2"></multicol>  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">  Las comunicaciones <span class="SpellE">interauriculares</span> inducen HP menos <span class="GramE">frecuentemente<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="14."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#14" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">14</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Se describen cinco subtipos de CIA, las m&aacute;s frecuentes son: <span class="SpellE">secundum</span> (75%), <span class="SpellE">primum</span> (15%) y seno venoso superior (5%-10%). Mucho menos frecuentes son el seno coronario destechado y la CIA tipo seno venoso <span class="GramE">inferior<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="15."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#15" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">15</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span> <o:p></o:p></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El retorno venoso pulmonar an&oacute;malo (RVPA) parcial funciona como un cortocircuito de baja presi&oacute;n, <span class="SpellE">pretricusp&iacute;deo</span>, que genera una sobrecarga de volumen al ventr&iacute;culo derecho y a la circulaci&oacute;n pulmonar de manera similar al comportamiento de una CIA. Estudios en autopsias demuestran que el RVPA parcial es una entidad poco frecuente, con m&uacute;ltiples variaciones topogr&aacute;ficas y con una incidencia de 0,6% a 0,8% que aumenta en los pacientes con s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Turner</span></span><span class="GramE"><sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="16."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#16" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">16</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">,<a name="17."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#17" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">17</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Adem&aacute;s de una fuerte asociaci&oacute;n con la CIA tipo seno venoso superior, puede presentarse en un 5% a 10% de las CIA de tipo <span class="SpellE">ostium</span> <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">secundum</span></span><span class="GramE"><sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="18."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#18" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">18</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Si bien existen m&uacute;ltiples reportes de casos de HP vinculados a RVPA en ausencia de otra CC, no existe una estimaci&oacute;n de la relaci&oacute;n entre HP y RVPA aislado.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El <span class="SpellE">ductus</span> arterioso permeable (DAP) representa un 5% a 10% de las CC y es un cortocircuito <span class="SpellE">postricusp&iacute;deo</span> que puede determinar el desarrollo de HP dependiendo del tama&ntilde;o y entidad del defecto. En algunas series este cortocircuito representa el 20% de las CC que desarrollan <span class="GramE">HP<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#12" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">12</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La ventana <span class="SpellE">aortopulmonar</span> es una rara CC, similar al DAP, habitualmente la comunicaci&oacute;n es amplia, sin restricci&oacute;n, por lo que evoluciona a s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> si no se repara quir&uacute;rgicamente en etapas <span class="GramE">tempranas<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="19."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#19" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">19</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El <span class="SpellE">truncus</span> <span class="SpellE">arteriosus</span> es una CC poco frecuente caracterizada por un &uacute;nico vaso emergente del coraz&oacute;n, desde donde nacen en su porci&oacute;n ascendente las arterias pulmonares y las arterias coronarias. La CIV est&aacute; presente en forma universal. Esta CC, si no es reparada tempranamente, evoluciona a s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span>. En pacientes adultos previamente operados de esta cardiopat&iacute;a, puede existir un cortocircuito residual que sea determinante en el desarrollo de <span class="GramE">HP<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#19" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">19</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El ventr&iacute;culo derecho con doble salida y la CIV <span class="SpellE">suba&oacute;rtica</span> o <span class="SpellE">subpulmonar</span> sin obstrucci&oacute;n al flujo pulmonar son las CC que m&aacute;s frecuentemente se asocian a HP.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Las anastomosis o cortocircuitos quir&uacute;rgicos son tratamientos paliativos que se desarrollaron con el objetivo de incrementar el flujo en el circuito pulmonar en aquellas CC en las que la perfusi&oacute;n pulmonar estaba impedida. En las d&eacute;cadas de 1960 y 1970, la experiencia quir&uacute;rgica en defectos card&iacute;acos cong&eacute;nitos creci&oacute; y se descubri&oacute; que estas anastomosis quir&uacute;rgicas, de alto flujo y presi&oacute;n, com&uacute;nmente desencadenaban HP. Tres fueron las anastomosis quir&uacute;rgicas desarrolladas: <span class="SpellE">Blalock</span> <span class="SpellE">Taussig</span> y sus modificaciones, <span class="SpellE">Pott</span> y <span class="SpellE">Cooley</span> <span class="SpellE">Waterston</span>. Estas dos &uacute;ltimas se asocian a mayor propensi&oacute;n para el desarrollo de HP y por esta raz&oacute;n fueron abandonadas.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                     <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b>  <multicol gutter="18" cols="2"></multicol>  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">  Fisiopatolog&iacute;a de la hipertensi&oacute;n arterial pulmonar asociada a las cardiopat&iacute;as cong&eacute;nitas&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span> <o:p></o:p></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El desarrollo de cambios en las arterias pulmonares originados por el aumento mantenido del flujo y la presi&oacute;n en el circuito pulmonar es un proceso din&aacute;mico y multifactorial, con progresiva disfunci&oacute;n endotelial que determina vasoconstricci&oacute;n y remodelaci&oacute;n del lecho vascular <span class="GramE">pulmonar<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="20."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#20" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">20</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Los cambios tempranos en el &aacute;rbol vascular pulmonar son totalmente reversibles si la cardiopat&iacute;a subyacente es corregida en tiempo y forma adecuada. Si, en cambio, la cirug&iacute;a correctiva se efect&uacute;a m&aacute;s tard&iacute;amente, luego del segundo a&ntilde;o de vida la presi&oacute;n pulmonar podr&iacute;a disminuir sin alcanzar los valores <span class="GramE">normales<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="21."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#21" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">21</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">,<a name="22."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#22" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">22</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. La correcci&oacute;n de la CC, una vez establecida la HP, puede acelerar la progresi&oacute;n de la enfermedad y desencadenar una falla ventricular derecha, sugiriendo que existe un punto de &ldquo;no retorno&rdquo;, lo que tiene implicancias cl&iacute;nicas y terap&eacute;uticas de relevancia.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                     <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">  <multicol gutter="18" cols="2"></multicol>  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">  Los cortocircuitos <span class="SpellE">pretricusp&iacute;deos</span> y su consiguiente sobrecarga de volumen en la circulaci&oacute;n pulmonar, as&iacute; como los cortocircuitos <span class="SpellE">postricusp&iacute;deos</span> con sobrecarga de presi&oacute;n y volumen, generan <span class="SpellE"><i>shear</i></span><i> stress</i> anormal, aumento de la tensi&oacute;n circunferencial vascular y disfunci&oacute;n endotelial. Esto determina una alteraci&oacute;n en la expresi&oacute;n de los mediadores <span class="SpellE">vasoactivos</span>, tales como <span class="SpellE">endotelina</span> 1, <span class="SpellE">prostaciclinas</span>, <span class="SpellE">tromboxanos</span> y &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico, que resultan en vasoconstricci&oacute;n, trombosis, <span class="SpellE">apoptosis</span> e inflamaci&oacute;n. Por otra parte, la expresi&oacute;n aberrante de los factores de crecimiento de c&eacute;lulas <span class="SpellE">endoteliales</span> y fibroblastos desencadenan la remodelaci&oacute;n vascular con hipertrofia del m&uacute;sculo liso, aumento de la <span class="SpellE">matrix</span> y <span class="GramE">fibrosis<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#12" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">12</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Todos estos cambios determinan el aumento de la RVP y de la presi&oacute;n desarrollada por el ventr&iacute;culo derecho, que luego de alcanzada la presi&oacute;n sist&oacute;lica sist&eacute;mica determinan una inversi&oacute;n del flujo (derecha-izquierda) a trav&eacute;s del defecto card&iacute;aco conformando una fisiolog&iacute;a de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span>. El incremento de la presi&oacute;n pulmonar en los pacientes con HP vinculada a CC se desarrolla tempranamente durante la infancia, a diferencia de lo que ocurre con otras causas de HP, y esto le ofrece ventajas <span class="SpellE">pron&oacute;sticas</span> a este grupo de pacientes portadores de CC. De todas maneras existen diferencias marcadas entre las diferentes CC. Existe mayor tendencia al desarrollo de HP en los defectos con sobrecarga de presi&oacute;n y volumen respecto a aquellos con solo sobrecarga de volumen. Tambi&eacute;n existen diferencias en cuanto a la premura y propensi&oacute;n para el desarrollo de <span class="SpellE">vasculopat&iacute;a</span> en el grupo con sobrecarga de volumen y presi&oacute;n, por ejemplo las cardiopat&iacute;as complejas, como el <span class="SpellE">truncus</span> arterioso o la transposici&oacute;n de los grandes vasos desarrollan m&aacute;s frecuentemente y en mayor proporci&oacute;n HP respecto a cardiopat&iacute;as simples como DAP o CIV</span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">(<a name="23."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#23" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">23</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">En un peque&ntilde;o subgrupo de pacientes con un m&iacute;nimo cortocircuito de izquierda a derecha se puede desarrollar una enfermedad vascular pulmonar severa fuera de proporci&oacute;n respecto al tama&ntilde;o del defecto, lo cual se explica por la existencia de una predisposici&oacute;n adicional (gen&eacute;tica), que sumada al cortocircuito desencadenan HP.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Con respecto a las diferencias <span class="SpellE">pron&oacute;sticas</span> de la enfermedad vascular pulmonar secundaria a las CC, se especula que tendr&iacute;a que ver con que en etapas tempranas de la vida el ventr&iacute;culo derecho se adapta y remodela mejor para hacer frente a las altas presiones pulmonares, como lo hac&iacute;a en la etapa fetal; de hecho, existen muchas similitudes entre el coraz&oacute;n en un s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> y el coraz&oacute;n con circulaci&oacute;n <span class="GramE">fetal<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#22" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">22</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">,</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#23" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">23</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. La inversi&oacute;n del flujo (derecha a izquierda) en el cortocircuito descomprime la hipertensi&oacute;n de las cavidades derechas y preserva la funci&oacute;n del ventr&iacute;culo derecho, teniendo como consecuencia el desarrollo de cianosis y otras complicaciones propias del s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span>.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                     <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b>  <multicol gutter="18" cols="2"></multicol>  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">  S&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span>&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span> <o:p></o:p></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> (SE) es un desorden <span class="SpellE">multisist&eacute;mico</span>, resultante del desarrollo de HP <span class="GramE">severa y mantenida</span> en una CC. Fue detallado por primera vez por <span class="SpellE">Victor</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> en 1897 para describir a un paciente con disnea desde la infancia, que muere por una hemoptisis masiva, y que en la autopsia se identifica un gran defecto <span class="SpellE">septal</span> y una <span class="SpellE">vasculatura</span> pulmonar anormal. En 1958, el Dr. <span class="SpellE">Paul</span> <span class="SpellE">Wood</span> acu&ntilde;a el t&eacute;rmino de s&iacute;ndrome de <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> para caracterizar a aquellos pacientes con HP, alta RVP y grandes defectos <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">septales</span></span><span class="GramE"><sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="24."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#24" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">24</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.<sup> </sup>Posteriormente, m&uacute;ltiples estudios permitieron expandirlo a otras CC. La fisiopatolog&iacute;a de este s&iacute;ndrome implica el aumento progresivo de la RVP e irreversibilidad de la misma, alcanzando un punto en que la presi&oacute;n pulmonar excede a la presi&oacute;n sist&eacute;mica y el flujo se invierte a trav&eacute;s del defecto cong&eacute;nito, pasando a ser de derecha a izquierda (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#fig_1" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">figura 1</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">).</span></p>         <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">&nbsp;</p>         <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="fig_1"></a><img style="width: 354px; height: 622px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ruc/v29n3/3a23f1.JPG">   &nbsp;&nbsp;</span>    <br>       </p>                 <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">    <br>     <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La <span class="SpellE">hipoxemia</span> cr&oacute;nica y la cianosis caracter&iacute;sticas de este s&iacute;ndrome generan numerosas consecuencias: <span class="SpellE">policitemia</span>, <span class="SpellE">hiperviscosidad</span>, trombosis, gota y dolores &oacute;seos. Asimismo, este grupo de pacientes presenta complicaciones graves, card&iacute;acas y <span class="SpellE">extracard&iacute;acas</span>. Las complicaciones card&iacute;acas incluyen: insuficiencia <span class="SpellE">card&iacute;aca</span>, muerte s&uacute;bita, arritmias y endocarditis infecciosa. Las complicaciones <span class="SpellE">extracard&iacute;acas</span> son: accidente <span class="SpellE">cerebrovascular</span>, absceso cerebral, <span class="SpellE">tromboembolismo</span> pulmonar y <span class="GramE">hemoptisis<sup>(<a name="25."></a></sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#25" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">25</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Las causas de muerte en estos pacientes, de acuerdo a una serie analizada de 188 casos durante 31 a&ntilde;os, fueron: muerte s&uacute;bita 30%, falla <span class="SpellE">card&iacute;aca</span> 23% y hemoptisis masiva 11%</span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">(<a name="26."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#26" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">26</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span> <o:p></o:p></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Criterios de operabilidad&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Un porcentaje de pacientes con CC, y en especial con cortocircuitos de izquierda a derecha, no son detectados hasta la vida adulta y son diagnosticados tard&iacute;amente, una vez que la lesi&oacute;n vascular pulmonar se ha desarrollado. Adem&aacute;s, en los pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo existe falta de oportunidad para la reparaci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica temprana del defecto en una proporci&oacute;n importante, todo lo cual determina que la presencia de una CC con HP no sea un hecho infrecuente. La reparaci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica en el grupo de pacientes con resistencias pulmonares altas e HP establecida es riesgosa en un doble <span class="GramE">aspecto<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="27."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#27" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">27</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Por un lado, la mortalidad <span class="SpellE">perioperatoria</span> es alta, y en especial la &ldquo;crisis de HP&rdquo;, que aunque en las &uacute;ltimas d&eacute;cadas se han desarrollado estrategias de tratamiento basadas en el uso de &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico con buenos resultados, permanece como un problema <span class="GramE">primordial<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="28."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#28" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">28</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Por otro lado, superada la etapa aguda, si las RVP permanecen altas luego de la cirug&iacute;a y la HP persiste, aunque el cortocircuito est&eacute; cerrado, el pron&oacute;stico es pobre y similar al de la HP <span class="SpellE">idiop&aacute;tica</span>. M&aacute;s a&uacute;n, la <span class="SpellE">sobrevida</span> de este grupo de pacientes (cortocircuito cerrado y evoluci&oacute;n r&aacute;pida a la falla del ventr&iacute;culo derecho) es menor que la de los pacientes con cortocircuito abierto y <span class="GramE">SE<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="29."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#29" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">29</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> . Todo lo cual magnifica la importancia y trascendencia de la decisi&oacute;n de operar en este grupo de pacientes.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>                             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">  <multicol gutter="18" cols="2"></multicol>  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">  M&uacute;ltiples criterios han sido utilizados para definir la operabilidad de un paciente portador de CC con HP, entre ellos el examen f&iacute;sico, los signos de falla <span class="SpellE">card&iacute;aca</span>, la saturaci&oacute;n de ox&iacute;geno, los datos <span class="SpellE">ecocardiogr&aacute;ficos</span> y radiol&oacute;gicos acerca del <span class="SpellE">hiperflujo</span> pulmonar. Sin embargo, el <span class="SpellE"><i>gold</i></span><i> <span class="SpellE">standard</span></i> actual, para definir la operabilidad o la probable evoluci&oacute;n posquir&uacute;rgica, son las medidas obtenidas por cateterismo card&iacute;aco de los par&aacute;metros <span class="SpellE">hemodin&aacute;micos</span> <span class="SpellE">basales</span> y con <span class="SpellE">test</span> de <span class="SpellE">vasorreactividad</span> pulmonar, espec&iacute;ficamente interesan las RVP y el &iacute;ndice de resistencias pulmonares/resistencias sist&eacute;micas (RP/RS)</span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> (<a name="30."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#30" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">30</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span> <o:p></o:p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">  <multicol gutter="18" cols="2"></multicol>  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">  Basado en la opini&oacute;n de expertos y en la experiencia de centros de excelencia, se determin&oacute; entonces que:&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol">&middot;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Una RVP basal indexada menor de 6 unidades <span class="SpellE">Woods</span>/m<sup>2</sup>, asociada a un &iacute;ndice de RP/RS menor de 0,3, sin necesidad de realizar un <span class="SpellE">test</span> de <span class="SpellE">vasorreactividad</span>, es indicativo de un buen pron&oacute;stico luego de la cirug&iacute;a.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol">&middot;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El uso de un <span class="SpellE">test</span> de <span class="SpellE">vasorreactividad</span>, utilizando ox&iacute;geno/&oacute;xido n&iacute;trico est&aacute; indicado cuando la RVP indexada est&aacute; entre 6 y 9 unidades <span class="SpellE">Woods</span>/m<sup>2</sup> y el &iacute;ndice de RP/RS es entre 0,3 y 0,5.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol">&middot;<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Si bien no existe un consenso absoluto, se considerar&aacute; como criterios a favor de la buena evoluci&oacute;n posquir&uacute;rgica una disminuci&oacute;n de 20% de las RVP indexadas y del &iacute;ndice de RP/RS, as&iacute; como valores finales de RVP indexada menores de 6 unidades <span class="SpellE">Wood</span>/m2 y relaci&oacute;n de la RP/RS final menor de 0,3.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Recientemente ha sido publicado en el 5&ordm; Simposio Mundial de HP una modificaci&oacute;n y simplificaci&oacute;n de los valores mencionados arriba que se muestran en la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#tab_6" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">tabla 6</a></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#9" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">9</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span></p>         <p><a name="tab_6"></a><img style="width: 577px; height: 210px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ruc/v29n3/3a23t6.JPG"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>              ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Queda tambi&eacute;n de manifiesto que son necesarias herramientas m&aacute;s precisas y menos <span class="SpellE">invasivas</span> para la toma de decisiones de operabilidad en el grupo de pacientes l&iacute;mite de acuerdo al perfil <span class="SpellE">hemodin&aacute;mico</span>. La biopsia de pulm&oacute;n es &uacute;til, <span class="SpellE">invasiva</span> y, en definitiva muy poco pr&aacute;ctica para el uso cl&iacute;nico en la toma de decisiones de operabilidad. Se ha postulado recientemente que las c&eacute;lulas <span class="SpellE">endoteliales</span> circulantes (CEC), ya reconocidas como un marcador no <span class="SpellE">invasivo</span> de disfunci&oacute;n, remodelaci&oacute;n y da&ntilde;o vascular, podr&iacute;an ser un <span class="SpellE">biomarcador</span> &uacute;til en la identificaci&oacute;n de pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar HP irreversible luego de la reparaci&oacute;n del defecto <span class="GramE">cong&eacute;nito<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="31."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#31" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">31</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span>            <br> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span>            <br> <b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Tratamiento: medidas generales&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span>        <o:p></o:p>            <br> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span>            <br> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Debido a la complejidad de la condici&oacute;n de estos pacientes, alta mortalidad, baja <span class="SpellE">prevalencia</span> y m&uacute;ltiples opciones de tratamiento, se recomienda que sean tratados en centros de referencia. Las medidas generales incluyen mantener una actividad f&iacute;sica moderada, evitando los ejercicios extenuantes y la deshidrataci&oacute;n. El embarazo est&aacute; contraindicado por el alto riesgo de muerte materno-fetal y debe realizarse profilaxis de endocarditis infecciosa. Los pacientes con SE son especialmente susceptibles a la anestesia general y a la cirug&iacute;a. El ox&iacute;geno suplementario domiciliario est&aacute; indicado si mejora la saturaci&oacute;n significativamente y puede mejorar los s&iacute;ntomas, pero no la <span class="SpellE">sobrevida</span>. Existe un riesgo aumentado de trombosis de las arterias pulmonares as&iacute; como de <span class="GramE">hemoptisis<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="32."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#32" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">32</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">, por lo que los anticoagulantes est&aacute;n indicados exclusivamente cuando se demuestra trombosis pulmonar en ausencia de hemoptisis o si esta es leve</span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">(</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#2" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">2</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. La hemoptisis relevante debe ser evaluada en el sentido de considerar la <span class="SpellE">embolizaci&oacute;n</span> selectiva de arterias bronquiales. La flebotom&iacute;a debe ser evitada, excepto como tratamiento de la <span class="SpellE">hiperviscosidad</span> cuando el hematocrito supera el 65%.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span>        </p>            <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Tratamiento espec&iacute;fico de la HP&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span> <o:p></o:p></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p>         <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">BREATHE (<span class="SpellE">Bosentan</span> <span class="SpellE">Randomised</span> <span class="SpellE">Trial</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">Endothelin</span> <span class="SpellE">Antagonist</span>-5) y su extensi&oacute;n a largo plazo son estudios <span class="SpellE">multic&eacute;ntricos</span>, doble ciegos, <span class="SpellE">randomizados</span> y controlados con placebo, que demuestran el beneficio del uso de <span class="SpellE">bosent&aacute;n</span> en los pacientes con SE, en t&eacute;rminos de mejor&iacute;a de la calidad de vida, capacidad de ejercicio, valores <span class="SpellE">hemodin&aacute;micos</span> y clase funcional, comparado con placebo, independientemente de la topograf&iacute;a del defecto <span class="SpellE">septal</span> (CIA y CIV). Por otra parte, en ambos estudios no se evidenci&oacute; una disminuci&oacute;n de la saturaci&oacute;n arterial de ox&iacute;geno, demostrando ausencia de efectos negativos sobre el <span class="GramE">cortocircuito<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="33."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#33" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">33</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">-<a name="34."></a><a name="35."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#35" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">35</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;     <br> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span>            ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Un <span class="SpellE">meta&aacute;nalisis</span>, que incluy&oacute; a 410 pacientes, reafirm&oacute; la mejor&iacute;a cl&iacute;nica y hemodin&aacute;mica con el uso de <span class="SpellE">bosent&aacute;n</span>, observ&aacute;ndose un aumento significativo de las enzimas hep&aacute;ticas, aunque no se demostraron efectos colaterales <span class="GramE">severos<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="36."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#36" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">36</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span>            <br> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Existe un d&eacute;ficit de estudios cl&iacute;nicos, <span class="SpellE">randomizados</span> y controlados para el uso de otras terapias espec&iacute;ficas de la HP; los datos disponibles de estudios peque&ntilde;os se&ntilde;alan el beneficio del uso prolongado de <span class="SpellE">epoprostenol</span>, demostrando mejor&iacute;a en la calidad de vida, clase funcional y par&aacute;metros <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">hemodin&aacute;micos</span></span><span class="GramE"><sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="37."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#37" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">37</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;     <br> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span>            <br> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El tratamiento con <span class="SpellE">sildenafil</span> mejora la capacidad de ejercicio, el escore de disnea, la clase funcional, la calidad de vida y los par&aacute;metros <span class="SpellE">hemodin&aacute;micos</span> de los pacientes con HP asociada a CC y en el <span class="GramE">SE<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="38."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#38" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">38</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">,<a name="39."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#39" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">39</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span>        </p>            <p>  <multicol gutter="18" cols="2"></multicol>  <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">  La terapia combinada de drogas espec&iacute;ficas es atractiva, sin embargo los resultados de los estudios en este sentido son contradictorios. Algunos trabajos confirman el beneficio sin&eacute;rgico del uso de <span class="SpellE">bosent&aacute;n</span> y <span class="SpellE">sildenafil</span>, as&iacute; como otros no demuestran beneficio <span class="GramE">adicional<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="40."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#40" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">40</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">,<a name="41."></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#41" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">41</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">. Como concepto general debe considerarse que las terapias espec&iacute;ficas mejoran la evoluci&oacute;n de los pacientes con HP asociada a CC y al SE.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">La utilidad de las terapias espec&iacute;ficas en la estrategia <span class="SpellE"><i>treat</i></span><i> <span class="SpellE">to</span> <span class="SpellE">close</span></i>, para reducir la RVP y llegar a la operabilidad en pacientes con HP asociada a CC, ha sido aceptada e incluida en las gu&iacute;as de <span class="SpellE">Grown</span> <span class="SpellE">Up</span> con una d&eacute;bil recomendaci&oacute;n IIB nivel de evidencia C. Esto incluye la CIA o CIV con QP/QS &gt;1,5, PVR menor o igual a 5 unidades <span class="SpellE">Wood</span> y PAP-PVR menor a los dos tercios de los valores sist&eacute;micos, en condiciones <span class="SpellE">basales</span> o luego de un <span class="SpellE">test</span> <span class="GramE">vasodilatador<sup>(</sup></span></span><sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"><a href="#32" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">32</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">)</span></sup><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">El trasplante coraz&oacute;n-pulm&oacute;n es una opci&oacute;n potencial de tratamiento en este grupo de pacientes, pero est&aacute; limitado por la escasez y falta de especificidad de &oacute;rganos donantes.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">En la </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#fig_2" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">figura 2</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> se esquematiza en forma global el tratamiento de los pacientes con HP asociada a CC y al SE.&nbsp; </span>    <br>            <br>     <a name="fig_2"></a><img style="width: 686px; height: 791px;" alt="" src="/img/revistas/ruc/v29n3/3a23f2.JPG">  </p>                         ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">Bibliograf&iacute;a&nbsp;</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "> </span> <o:p></o:p></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="1"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#1." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">1</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Naeije</b></span><b> R. </b><span class="SpellE">Physiology</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">circulation</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">right</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span>. <span class="SpellE">Curr</span> <span class="SpellE">Hypertens</span> <span class="SpellE">Rep</span> 2013; 15(6):623-3.1&nbsp;     </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="2"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#2." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">2</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Gali&egrave;</b></span><b> N, <span class="SpellE">Hoeper</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Humbert</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Torbicki</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Vachiery</span> JL, <span class="SpellE">Barber&aacute;</span> JA, et al. </b>Gu&iacute;a de pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica para el diagnostico y tratamiento de la hipertensi&oacute;n pulmonar. Versi&oacute;n corregida el 27 de abril de 2011. <span class="SpellE">Rev</span> <span class="SpellE">Esp</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2009; 62(12): 1464.e1-e58.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="3"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#3." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">3</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Chatterjee</b></span><b> K, De Marco T, <span class="SpellE">Alpert</span> JS. </b><span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span>. <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">hemodynamic</span></span> diagnosis <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">management</span>. <span class="SpellE">Arch</span> <span class="SpellE">Intern</span> <span class="SpellE">Med</span> 2002<span class="GramE">;162</span>(17):1925-33.     &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="4"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#4." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">4</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Barst</b></span><b> R, <span class="SpellE">Rubin</span> LJ. </b>World <span class="SpellE">Symposium</span> <span class="SpellE">on</span> <span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">Hypertension</span>, 4th. Dana <span class="SpellE">Point</span>, California, feb. 11-14, 2008.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="5"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#5." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">5</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Marelli</b></span><b> AJ, <span class="SpellE">Therrien</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Mackie</span> AS, <span class="SpellE">Ionescu</span>-<span class="SpellE">Ittu</span> R, Pilote L.</b> Planning de <span class="SpellE">specialized</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">adult</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span> <span class="SpellE">patients</span>: <span class="SpellE">from</span> <span class="SpellE">numbers</span> <span class="SpellE">to</span> <span class="SpellE">guidelines</span>; <span class="SpellE">an</span> <span class="SpellE">epidemiologic</span> <span class="SpellE">approach</span>. <span class="SpellE">Am</span> <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> J 2009; 157(1):1-8.     &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="6"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#6." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">6</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Duffels</b></span><b> MG, <span class="SpellE">Engelfriet</span> PM, <span class="SpellE">Berger</span> RM, van <span class="SpellE">Loon</span> RL, <span class="SpellE">Hoendermis</span> E, <span class="SpellE">Vriend</span> JW, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> in <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>: <span class="SpellE">an</span> <span class="SpellE">epidemiologic</span> <span class="SpellE">perspective</span> <span class="SpellE">from</span> a <span class="SpellE">Dutch</span> <span class="SpellE">registry</span>. <span class="SpellE">Int</span> J <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2007; 120(2):198&ndash;204.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="7"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#7." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">7</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Lowe</b></span><b> BS, <span class="SpellE">Therrien</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Ionescu</span>-<span class="SpellE">Ittu</span> R, Pilote L, <span class="SpellE">Martucci</span> <span class="SpellE">G<span class="GramE">,Marelli</span></span> AJ.</b> Diagnosis <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> in <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span> <span class="SpellE">adult</span> <span class="SpellE">population</span> <span class="SpellE">impact</span> <span class="SpellE">on</span> <span class="SpellE">outcomes</span>. J <span class="SpellE">Am</span> <span class="SpellE">Coll</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2011; 26: 538&ndash;46.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="8"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#8." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">8</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Engelfriet</b></span><b> PM, <span class="SpellE">Duffels</span> MG, <span class="SpellE">M&ouml;ller</span> T, <span class="SpellE">Boersma</span> E, <span class="SpellE">Tijssen</span> JG, <span class="SpellE">Thaulow</span> E, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> in <span class="SpellE">adults</span> <span class="SpellE">born</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> a <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">septal</span> <span class="SpellE">defect</span>: <span class="SpellE">the</span> Euro <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> <span class="SpellE">Survey</span> <span class="SpellE">on</span> <span class="SpellE">adult</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>. <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> 2007; 93(6): 682-7.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="9"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#9." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">9</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Simonneau</b></span><b> G, <span class="SpellE">Gatzoulis</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Adatia</span> I, <span class="SpellE">Celermajer</span> D, <span class="SpellE">Denton</span> C, <span class="SpellE">Ghofrani</span> A, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Updated</span> <span class="SpellE">clinical</span> <span class="SpellE">classification</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span>. J <span class="SpellE">Am</span> <span class="SpellE">Coll</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2013; 62(25 <span class="SpellE">Suppl</span>):D34-41.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="10"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#10." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">10</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Humbert</b></span><b> M, <span class="SpellE">Sitbon</span> O, <span class="SpellE">Chaouat</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Bertocchi</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Habib</span> G, <span class="SpellE">Gressin</span> V, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> in <span class="SpellE">France</span>: <span class="SpellE">results</span> <span class="SpellE">from</span> a <span class="SpellE">national</span> <span class="SpellE">registry</span>. <span class="SpellE">Am</span> J <span class="SpellE">Respir</span> <span class="SpellE">Crit</span> <span class="SpellE">Care</span> <span class="SpellE">Med</span> 2006; 173(9):1023&ndash;30.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="11"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#11." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">11</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Simonneau</b></span><b> G, <span class="SpellE">Robbins</span> IM, <span class="SpellE">Beghetti</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Channick</span> RN, <span class="SpellE">Delcroix</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Denton</span> CP, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Updated</span> <span class="SpellE">clinical</span> <span class="SpellE">classification</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span>. J <span class="SpellE">Am</span> <span class="SpellE">Coll</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2009; 54(1Suppl): S43-54.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="12"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#12." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">12</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Adatia</b></span><b> I, <span class="SpellE">Kothari</span> SS, <span class="SpellE">Feinstein</span> JA. </b><span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">associated</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>: <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> vascular <span class="SpellE">disease</span>: <span class="SpellE">the</span> global <span class="SpellE">perspective</span>. <span class="SpellE">Chest</span> 2010; 137(6 <span class="SpellE">Suppl</span>):52S-61S.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="13"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#13." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">13</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Schulze</b></span><b>-<span class="SpellE">Neick</span> I, <span class="SpellE">Beghetti</span> M. </b><span class="SpellE">Classifying</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> in <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">setting</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">congenitally</span> <span class="SpellE">malformed</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span>&ndash; <span class="SpellE">cleaning</span> up a dog&rsquo;s <span class="SpellE">dinner</span>. <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> <span class="SpellE">Young</span> 2008; 18(1):22-5.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="14"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#14." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">14</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Steele</b></span><b> PM, <span class="SpellE">Fuster</span> V, Cohen M, <span class="SpellE">Ritter</span> DG, <span class="SpellE">Mc</span>-<span class="SpellE">Goon</span> DC. </b><span class="SpellE">Isolated</span> <span class="SpellE">atrial</span> <span class="SpellE">septal</span> <span class="SpellE">defect</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> vascular <span class="SpellE">obstructive</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>&ndash;long-<span class="SpellE">term</span> <span class="SpellE">follow</span>-up <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">prediction</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">outcome</span> <span class="SpellE">after</span> <span class="SpellE">surgical</span> <span class="SpellE">correction</span>. <span class="SpellE">Circulation</span> 1987; 76(5):1037-42.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="15"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#15." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">15</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Webb</b></span><b> G, <span class="SpellE">Gatzoulis</span> MA. </b><span class="SpellE">Atrial</span> <span class="SpellE">septal</span> <span class="SpellE">defects</span> in <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">adult</span>: <span class="SpellE">recent</span> <span class="SpellE">progress</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">overview</span>. <span class="SpellE">Circulation</span>. 2006; 114(15):1645-53.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="16"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#16." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">16</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Hoffman</b></span><b> JI, <span class="SpellE">Kaplan</span> S.</b> <span class="SpellE">The</span> <span class="SpellE">incidence</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>. J <span class="SpellE">Am</span> <span class="SpellE">Coll</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2002; 39(12): 1890-900.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="17"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#17." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">17</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Healey</b></span><b> JE <span class="SpellE">Jr</span>.</b> <span class="SpellE">An</span> <span class="SpellE">anatomic</span> <span class="SpellE">survey</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">anomalous</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">veins</span>: <span class="SpellE">their</span> <span class="SpellE">clinical</span> <span class="SpellE">significance</span>. J <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> 1952; 23(5):433-44.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="18"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#18." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">18</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Ellis</b></span><b> AR.</b> <span class="SpellE">Partial</span> <span class="SpellE">anomalous</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">venous</span> <span class="SpellE">connections</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">Scimitar</span> <span class="SpellE">Syndrome</span>. In: <span class="SpellE">Gatzoulis</span> MA, <span class="SpellE">Webb</span> GD, <span class="SpellE">Daubeney</span> PEF, <span class="SpellE">eds</span>. Diagnosis <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">Management</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">Adult</span> <span class="SpellE">Congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> <span class="SpellE">Disease</span>. 2nd <span class="SpellE">ed</span>. <span class="SpellE">Philadelphia</span>, PA: <span class="SpellE">Saunders</span>, 2011.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="19"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#19." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">19</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Kiefer</b></span><b> TL, <span class="SpellE">Bashore</span> T.</b> <span class="SpellE">Anatomy</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">Congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> <span class="SpellE">Disease</span> <span class="SpellE">Lesions</span> <span class="SpellE">Associated</span> <span class="SpellE">With</span> <span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> Arterial <span class="SpellE">Hypertension</span>. <span class="SpellE">Adv</span> <span class="SpellE">Pulm</span> <span class="SpellE">Hipertens</span> 166-170. Disponible en: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);">  <a href="http://www.phaonlineuniv.org/journal" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">http://www.phaonlineuniv.org/<span class="SpellE">journal</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;     font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="20"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#20." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">20</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Humbert</b></span><b> M, <span class="SpellE">Sitbon</span> O, <span class="SpellE">Simonneau</span> G. </b><span class="SpellE">Treatment</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span>. N <span class="SpellE">Engl</span> J <span class="SpellE">Med</span> 2004; 351: 1425&ndash;1436.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="21"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#21." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">21</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Balint</b></span><b> OH, <span class="SpellE">Samman</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Haberer</span> K, Tobe L, <span class="SpellE">McLaughlin</span> P, <span class="SpellE">Siu</span> SC, et al. </b><span class="SpellE">Outcomes</span> in <span class="SpellE">patients</span> <span class="SpellE">withpulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">undergoing</span> <span class="SpellE">percutaneous</span> <span class="SpellE">atrial</span> <span class="SpellE">septal</span> <span class="SpellE">defect</span> <span class="SpellE">closure</span>. <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> 2008; 94(9):1189-93.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="22"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#22." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">22</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Hopkins</b></span><b> WE. </b><span class="SpellE">The</span> <span class="SpellE">remarkable</span> <span class="SpellE">right</span> <span class="SpellE">ventricle</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">patients</span> <span class="SpellE">withEisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span>. <span class="SpellE">Coron</span> <span class="SpellE">Artery</span> <span class="SpellE">Dis</span> 2005; 16: 19-25.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="23"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#23." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">23</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Rosenzweig</b></span><b> EB, <span class="SpellE">Barst</span> RJ. </b><span class="SpellE">Congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span>: <span class="SpellE">pharmacology</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">feasibility</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> late <span class="SpellE">surgery</span>. <span class="SpellE">Prog</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Dis</span> 2012<span class="GramE">;55</span>(2):128-33.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="24"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#24." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">24</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Hopkins</b></span><b> WE, <span class="SpellE">Waggoner</span> AD.</b> <span class="SpellE">Severe</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertensionwithout</span> <span class="SpellE">right</span> ventricular <span class="SpellE">failure</span>: <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">unique</span> <span class="SpellE">hearts</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">patients</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span>. <span class="SpellE">Am</span> J <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2002; 89:34-8.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="25"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#25." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">25</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Wood</b></span><b> P.</b> <span class="SpellE">The</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span> <span class="SpellE">or</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">reversal</span> <span class="SpellE">shunt</span>. <span class="SpellE">Br</span> <span class="SpellE">Med</span> J 1958; 2(5099): 755-62.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="26"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#26." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">26</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>DeFilippis</b></span><b> AP, <span class="SpellE">Law</span> K, <span class="SpellE">Curtin</span> S, <span class="SpellE">Eckman</span> JR.</b> <span class="SpellE">Blood</span> <span class="SpellE">is</span> <span class="SpellE">thicker</span> <span class="SpellE">than</span> <span class="SpellE">water</span>: <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">management</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">hyperviscosity</span> in <span class="SpellE">adults</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">cyanotic</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>. <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> <span class="SpellE">Rev</span> 2007; 15(1):31-4.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="27"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#27." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">27</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Daliento</b></span><b> L, <span class="SpellE">Somerville</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Presbitero</span> P, <span class="SpellE">Menti</span> L, <span class="SpellE">Brach</span>-Prever S, <span class="SpellE">Rizzoli</span> G, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span> <span class="SpellE">factors</span> <span class="SpellE">relating</span> <span class="SpellE">to</span> <span class="SpellE">deterioration</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">death</span>. <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> <span class="SpellE">HeartJ</span> 1998; 19(12):1845-55.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="28"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#28." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">28</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Haworth</b></span><b> SG, <span class="SpellE">Hislop</span> AA.</b> <span class="SpellE">Treatment</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">survival</span> in <span class="SpellE">children</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span>: <span class="SpellE">the</span> UK <span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">Hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">Service</span> <span class="SpellE">for</span> <span class="SpellE">Children</span> 2001-2006. <span class="SpellE">Heart</span>. 2009; 95:312-7.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="29"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#29." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">29</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Bando K, <span class="SpellE">Turrentine</span> MW, <span class="SpellE">Sharp</span> TG, <span class="SpellE">Sekine</span> Y, <span class="SpellE">AufieroTX</span>, <span class="SpellE">Sun</span> K, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">after</span> <span class="SpellE">operations</span> <span class="SpellE">for</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>: <span class="SpellE">analysis</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">risk</span> <span class="SpellE">factors</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">management</span>. J <span class="SpellE">Thorac</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiovasc</span> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span> 1996; 112: 1600-7.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="30"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#30." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">30</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Hopkins</b></span><b> WE, Ochoa LL, <span class="SpellE">Richardson</span> GW, <span class="SpellE">Trulock</span> EP.</b> <span class="SpellE">Comparison</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">hemodynamics</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">survival</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">adults</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">severe</span> <span class="SpellE">primary</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">or</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span>. J <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> <span class="SpellE">Lung</span> <span class="SpellE">Transplant</span> 1996<span class="GramE">;15</span>: 100-5.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="31"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#31." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">31</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Lopes</b></span><b> AA, O&rsquo;Leary PW.</b> <span class="SpellE">Measurement</span>, <span class="SpellE">interpretation</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> use <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">haemodynamic</span> <span class="SpellE">parameters</span> in <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">associated</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">cardiac</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>. <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> <span class="SpellE">Young</span> 2009; 19:431-5.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="32"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#32." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">32</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Smadja</b></span><b> DM, <span class="SpellE">Gaussem</span> P, <span class="SpellE">Mauge</span> L, Israel-<span class="SpellE">Biet</span> D, <span class="SpellE">Dignat</span>-<span class="SpellE">George</span> F, <span class="SpellE">Peyrard</span> S, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Circulating</span> <span class="SpellE">endothelial</span> <span class="SpellE">cells</span>: a <span class="SpellE">new</span> <span class="SpellE">candidate</span> <span class="SpellE">biomarker</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> irreversible <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">secondary</span> <span class="SpellE">to</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>. <span class="SpellE">Circulation</span> 2009; 119: 374-8.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="33"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#33." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">33</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Baumgartner</b></span><b> H, <span class="SpellE">Bonhoeffer</span> P, De <span class="SpellE">Groot</span> N, de <span class="SpellE">Haan</span> F, <span class="SpellE">Deanfield</span> JE, <span class="SpellE">Galie</span> N, et al.</b> ESC <span class="SpellE">guidelines</span> <span class="SpellE">for</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> <span class="SpellE">management</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">grown</span>-up <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span> (<span class="SpellE">new</span> <span class="SpellE">version</span> 2010). <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> J 2010; 31(23): 2915-57.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="34"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#34." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">34</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Gali&egrave;</b></span><b> N, <span class="SpellE">Beghetti</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Gatzoulis</span> MA, <span class="SpellE">Granton</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Berger</span> RM, <span class="SpellE">Lauer</span> A, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Bosentan</span> <span class="SpellE">therapy</span> in <span class="SpellE">patients</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span>: a <span class="SpellE">multicenter</span>, <span class="SpellE">double</span>-<span class="SpellE">blind</span>, <span class="SpellE">randomized</span>, placebo-<span class="SpellE">controlled</span> <span class="SpellE">study</span>. <span class="SpellE">Circulation</span> 2006; 114(1): 48-54.     &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="35"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#35." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">35</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Gatzoulis</b></span><b> MA, <span class="SpellE">Beghetti</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Gali&egrave;</span> N, <span class="SpellE">Granton</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Berger</span> RM, <span class="SpellE">Lauer</span> A, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Longer</span>-<span class="SpellE">term</span> <span class="SpellE">bosentan</span> <span class="SpellE">therapy</span> <span class="SpellE">improves</span> <span class="SpellE">functional</span> <span class="SpellE">capacity</span> in <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span>: <span class="SpellE">results</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">the</span> BREATHE-5 <span class="SpellE">open</span>-<span class="SpellE">label</span> <span class="SpellE">extension</span> <span class="SpellE">study</span>. <span class="SpellE">Int</span> J <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2008; 127(1):27-32.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="36"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#36." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">36</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Berger</b></span><b> RM, <span class="SpellE">Beghetti</span> M, <span class="SpellE">Gali&egrave;</span> N, <span class="SpellE">Gatzoulis</span> MA, <span class="SpellE">Granton</span> J, <span class="SpellE">Lauer</span> A, et al.</b> <span class="SpellE">Atrial</span> <span class="SpellE">septal</span> <span class="SpellE">defects</span> versus ventricular <span class="SpellE">septal</span> <span class="SpellE">defects</span> in BREATHE-5, a placebo-<span class="SpellE">controlled</span> <span class="SpellE">study</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">related</span> <span class="SpellE">to</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span>&rsquo;s <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span>: a <span class="SpellE">subgroup</span> <span class="SpellE">analysis</span>. <span class="SpellE">Int</span> J <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2010; 144(3): 373-8.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="37"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#37." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">37</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Lee YH, <span class="SpellE">Song</span> GG.</b> Meta-<span class="SpellE">analysis</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">randomized</span> <span class="SpellE">controlled</span> <span class="SpellE">trials</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">bosentan</span> <span class="SpellE">for</span> <span class="SpellE">treatment</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span>. <span class="SpellE">Korean</span> J <span class="SpellE">Intern</span> <span class="SpellE">Med</span> 2013; 28(6):701-7.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="38"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#38." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">38</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Rosenzweig</b></span><b> EB, <span class="SpellE">Kerstein</span> D, <span class="SpellE">Barst</span> RJ.</b> <span class="SpellE">Long</span>-<span class="SpellE">term</span> <span class="SpellE">prostacyclin</span> <span class="SpellE">for</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">associated</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">defects</span>. <span class="SpellE">Circulation</span> 1999; 99: 1858-65.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="39"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#39." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">39</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Zhang</b></span><b> ZN, <span class="SpellE">Jiang</span> X, <span class="SpellE">Zhang</span> R, Wu BX, <span class="SpellE">Zhao</span> QH, <span class="SpellE">Wang</span> Y, et al. </b>Oral <span class="SpellE">sildenafil</span> <span class="SpellE">treatment</span> <span class="SpellE">for</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span>: a <span class="SpellE">prospective</span>, <span class="SpellE">open</span>-<span class="SpellE">label</span>, <span class="SpellE">multicentre</span> <span class="SpellE">study</span>. <span class="SpellE">Heart</span> 2011; 97: 1876-81.     &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="40"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#40." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">40</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Chau</b></span><b> EM, Fan KY, <span class="SpellE">Chow</span> WH.</b> <span class="SpellE">Effects</span> <span class="SpellE">of</span> <span class="SpellE">chronic</span> <span class="SpellE">sildenafil</span> in <span class="SpellE">patients</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span> versus <span class="SpellE">idiopathic</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span>. <span class="SpellE">Int</span> J <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2007; 120: 301-5.    &nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="41"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#41." style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">41</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>D&rsquo;Alto M, Romeo E, <span class="SpellE">Argiento</span> P, <span class="SpellE">Sarubbi</span> B, <span class="SpellE">Santoro</span> G, Grimaldi N, et al. </b><span class="SpellE">Bosentan</span>-<span class="SpellE">sildenafil</span> <span class="SpellE">association</span> in <span class="SpellE">patients</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">congenital</span> <span class="SpellE">heart</span> <span class="SpellE">disease</span>-<span class="SpellE">related</span> <span class="SpellE">pulmonary</span> arterial <span class="SpellE">hypertension</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">physiology</span>. <span class="SpellE">Int</span> J <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span> 2012; 155(3): 378-82.&nbsp; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>             <!-- ref --><p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; "><a name="42"></a> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(31, 26, 23);"> <a href="#42" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single">42</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; ">.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="SpellE"><b>Iversen</b></span><b> K, <span class="SpellE">Jensen</span> AS, <span class="SpellE">Jensen</span> TV <span class="SpellE">Vejlstrup</span> NG, <span class="SpellE">S&oslash;ndergaard</span> L.</b> <span class="SpellE">Combination</span> <span class="SpellE">therapy</span> <span class="SpellE">with</span> <span class="SpellE">bosentan</span> <span class="SpellE">and</span> <span class="SpellE">sildenafil</span> in <span class="SpellE">Eisenmenger</span> <span class="SpellE">syndrome</span>: a <span class="SpellE">randomized</span>, placebo-<span class="SpellE">controlled</span>, <span class="SpellE">double</span>-<span class="SpellE">blinded</span> <span class="SpellE">trial</span>. <span class="SpellE">Eur</span> <span class="SpellE">Heart</span>  J 2010; 31(9):1124-31.    </span></p>              ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
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