<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-0390</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Médica del Uruguay]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. Méd. Urug.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-0390</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sindicato Médico del Uruguay]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-03902019000100101</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29193/rmu.35.6</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Métodos de tortura del terrorismo de Estado en Uruguay y valoración médico-legal de su idoneidad para causar lesiones graves o gravísimas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Methods of torture of State terrorism in Uruguay and medical legal assessment of its abililty to cause severe o very severe lesions]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Métodos de tortura do terrorismo de Estado no Uruguai e avaliação médico-legal de sua idoneidade para causar lesões graves ou gravíssimas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Almada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hugo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borches Duhalde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Frances]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bazán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Natalia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gamero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sylvia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Roó]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de la República Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Uruguay</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>35</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>101</fpage>
<lpage>135</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-03902019000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-03902019000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-03902019000100101&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[resumen está disponible en el texto completo]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Among other missions, Legal Medicine aims to diagnose torture, as a means of contributing to judicial investigations and repair victims. In Uruguay, several administrative and criminal procedures are developed in connection to the times of state terrorism (between June 27, 1973 and February 28, 1985). Despite torture being an indescribable crime against humanity, it was typified in Act 18,026 of September 26, 2006. National jurisprudence has dismissed its classification in the cases that occurred during the times of state terrorism, based on the non-retroactivity principle of criminal law. Simultaneously, the Prosecutor&#8217;s Office Specialized in Crimes Against Humanity has requested several reports in connection with the possibility that torture methods applied by State terrorism in Uruguay may have caused severe or very severe lesions.  General objective: To contribute to learning about state terrorist crimes in Uruguay, thus contributing to the creation of international standards for truth, justice, memory and repair.  Specific objectives:  1. To describe the torture methods applied. 2. To determine their ability to cause severe or very severe lesions.  Method: The study was based on national history investigations, as well as jurisprudence in the field, review of international bibliography, pathophysiology of similar situtaions and current national consensus on fact assumptions included in the criminal classification of severe and very severe lesions.  Results: The times of state terrorism in Uruguay have been characterized by the application of large scale torture in a systematic way. The most frequently used methods were hooding, restriction of water, food and rest, exposure to the cold, beating up, including &#8220;the phone&#8221;, sitting in, hanging, vaults, wet and dry submarine, electric shock baton and sexual assaults. The different methods of physical torture include psychological suffering. By means of specific mechanisms, they are all useful to cause harm that lie within several assumptions of severe and very severe harm crimes. I pregnant women, all of these methods of torture are effective to interrupt pregnancy or anticipate delivery.  Conclusions:  There is a pattern in the systematic methods of torture used by state terrorism, which included methods involving omissions, positions, trauma, and electrical shocks and, suffocating. All of them may result in one or more of the assumptions included in the severe or very severe lesions crimes. Risk of life and psychological consequences inherent to torture. In pregnant women, all the methods of torture described are effective to interrupt the pregnancy or anticipate delivery.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo: Entre as missões da Medicina Legal se inclui o diagnóstico da tortura como forma de contribuição às investigações judiciais e a reparação das vítimas. No Uruguai foram desenvolvidos numerosos procedimentos administrativos e criminais referidos ao período do terrorismo de Estado (entre 27 de junho de 1973 e 28 de fevereiro de 1985). Embora o delito de tortura seja um delito de lesa humanidade imprescritível, este foi tipificado na Lei Nº 18.026 de 26 de setembro de 2006. A jurisprudência nacional rejeitou sua tipificação nos casos do período do terrorismo de Estado baseados no principio de não retroatividade da lei penal. Paralelamente, a Procuradoria Especializada em Crimes de Lesa Humanidade solicitou numerosos relatórios sobre a possibilidade de que os métodos de tortura aplicados pelo terrorismo de Estado no Uruguai pudessem ter causado lesões graves ou gravíssimas.  Objetivo general: Contribuir ao conhecimento dos crimes do terrorismo de Estado no Uruguai, ajudando dessa forma o estabelecimento de padrões internacionais de verdade, justiça, memoria e reparação.  Objetivos específicos:  1. Descrever os métodos de tortura empregados. 2. Determinar sua idoneidade para produzir lesões graves ou gravíssimas.  Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado utilizando informação de pesquisas históricas nacionais sobre o terrorismo de Estado, bem como a jurisprudência na matéria, a revisão da bibliografia internacional, a fisiopatologia de situações análogas e os atuais consensos nacionais sobre os supostos fáticos incluídos nos tipos penais de lesões graves e gravíssimas.  Resultados: No período do terrorismo de Estado no Uruguai foi característica a aplicação de torturas a grande escala e de maneira sistemática. Os métodos habitualmente mais aplicados foram o &#8220;encapuchamiento&#8221; (uso permanente de capuz ou venda nos olhos), a privação de água, alimentos e repouso, a exposição ao frio (geladeira), agressões físicas incluindo o &#8220;telefone&#8221;, &#8220;plantón&#8221; (ficar em pé por períodos prolongados), pendurar pelos membros, &#8220;caballete&#8221; (montar sobre uma superficie afiada), afogamento úmido e seco, choque elétrico e as agressões sexuais. Os distintos métodos de tortura física incluem sofrimento psíquico. Através de mecanismos específicos, todos resultam idôneos para ocasionar danos que enquadram em diversos supostos dos delitos de lesões graves e gravíssimas. Nas mulheres grávidas, todos estes métodos de tortura são eficazes para interromper a gravidez ou adiantar o parto.  Conclusões:  Existiu um padrão nos métodos de tortura sistemática utilizados pelo terrorismo de Estado, que incluía métodos omissivos, posicionais, traumáticos, elétricos, asfixiantes e sexuais. Todos podem determinar um ou mais dos supostos compreendidos nos delitos de lesões graves e gravíssimas. O perigo de vida e as sequelas psicológicas são inerentes à tortura. Nas mulheres grávidas, todos os métodos de tortura descritos são eficazes para interromper a gravidez ou adiantar o parto.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tortura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Violaciones de los derechos humanos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Medicina Legal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Uruguay]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Torture]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Human rights abuses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Forensic Medicine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Uruguay]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Tortura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Violações dos direitos humanos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Medicina Legal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Uruguai]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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