<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1688-423X</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Archivos de Medicina Interna]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Arch Med Int]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1688-423X</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad de Medicina Interna del Uruguay]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1688-423X2015000300013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Traumatismo cráneo-encefálico (TCE) y anticoagulación: Aspectos esenciales.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and anticoagulation: Key points]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quintana Díaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodiles Heredia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roswell E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García Erce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Universitario La Paz Servicio de Urgencias ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital San Jorge Servicio de Hematología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Huesca ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>37</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>158</fpage>
<lpage>162</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1688-423X2015000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1688-423X2015000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1688-423X2015000300013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen: Los traumatismos craneoencefálicos (TCE) constituyen un motivo de consulta frecuente en cualquier Servicio de Urgencias. Estados Unidos reporta hasta 1,7 millones de afectados en un año. En España la cifra, solo de TCE leve, se estima en 92000 por año. Los varones, sobre todo después de 65 años, constituyen el grupo más afectado y la caída desde su altura el mecanismo más frecuente. La asociación con tratamiento anticoagulante oral (TAO), agrega mayor complejidad a su manejo y constituye un tema en revisión constante. La necesidad de revertir la anticoagulación, los métodos para lograrlo, la indicación de un segundo control tomográfico en los pacientes con TCE leve-moderado, los algoritmos que orienten y organicen mejor las posibles conductas a seguir, continúan siendo aspectos en revisión. Una adecuada valoración inicial, control TC solo ante deterioro neurológico, y reversión de anticoagulación con complejo protrombínico permiten un manejo eficaz.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent reason of consultation in any Emergency Room. The United States report up to 1.7 million affected individuals persons. In Spain, the figure corresponding only to mild TBI is estimated at 92,000 patients per year. Males, specially after age 65, are the most affected group and the most frequent injury mechanism is a a all from their height. The association with oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) increases the complexity of its managament and is an issue under permanent review. The need to reverse anticoagulation, the methods to achieve it, the prescription of a second CT control in patients with mild to moderate TBI, the algorithms to better guide and organize the possible courses of action are still issues under review. An adequate initial assessment, a CT control only in case of neurological damage and reversion of anticoagulation with prothrombin complex allow an effective management.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Traumatismo craneoencefálico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[anticoagulantes orales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reversión anticoagulación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Plasma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Complejo protrombínico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Traumatic brain injury]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[oral anticoagulants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[anticogulation reversion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pasma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Prothrombin complex]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div class="Section1">      <p class="Seccin"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">ARCHIVOS DEL INSTITUTO DE NEUROLOG&Iacute;A</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Revisi&oacute;n<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Traumatismo cr&aacute;neo-encef&aacute;lico (TCE) y <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span>. </span></b><span class="SpellE"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Aspectos</span></b></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> <span class="SpellE">esenciales</span>.</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Traumatic brain injury</span></b><span class="hps"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" lang="EN"> (TBI)</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" lang="EN"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" lang="EN">and</span></b></span><span class="shorttext"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" lang="EN"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana; color: rgb(34, 34, 34);" lang="EN">anticoagulation. Key points</span></b></span><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Dr. Manuel Quintana D&iacute;az<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Servicio de Urgencias. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid<o:p></o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Dr. Roswell E. Rodiles Heredia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Servicio de Urgencias. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Dr. Jos&eacute; Antonio Garc&iacute;a Erce<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Servicio de Hematolog&iacute;a. Hospital San Jorge. Huesca.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Recibido:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"> 1/3/15<span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><b style="">Aceptado:</b> 1/9/15<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Instituci&oacute;n responsable:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"> Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Madrid. Espa&ntilde;a.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Autor para correspondencia:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">Dr</span> Manuel Quintana D&iacute;az. Hospital Universitario La Paz. Paseo de la Castellana 267. Madrid. Correo electr&oacute;nico: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"><a href="mailto:mquintana.hulp@salud.madrid.org"><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0%; color: windowtext; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;">mquintana.hulp@salud.madrid.org</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;" align="left"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;">Resumen:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">Arch</span> <span class="SpellE">Med</span> Interna 37(3):<o:p></o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Los traumatismos craneoencef&aacute;licos (TCE) constituyen un motivo de consulta frecuente en cualquier Servicio de Urgencias. Estados Unidos reporta hasta 1,7 millones de afectados en un a&ntilde;o. En Espa&ntilde;a la cifra, solo de TCE leve, se estima en 92000 por a&ntilde;o. Los varones, sobre todo despu&eacute;s de 65 a&ntilde;os, constituyen el grupo m&aacute;s afectado y la ca&iacute;da desde su altura el mecanismo m&aacute;s frecuente. La asociaci&oacute;n con tratamiento anticoagulante oral (TAO), agrega mayor complejidad a su manejo y constituye un tema en revisi&oacute;n constante. La necesidad de revertir la <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span>, los m&eacute;todos para lograrlo, la indicaci&oacute;n de un segundo control <span class="SpellE">tomogr&aacute;fico</span> en los pacientes con TCE leve-moderado, los algoritmos que orienten y organicen mejor las posibles conductas a seguir, contin&uacute;an siendo aspectos en revisi&oacute;n. Una adecuada valoraci&oacute;n inicial, control TC solo ante deterioro neurol&oacute;gico, y reversi&oacute;n de <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span> con complejo <span class="SpellE">protromb&iacute;nico</span> permiten un manejo eficaz. <b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; line-height: normal;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>Palabras claves:</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> Traumatismo craneoencef&aacute;lico, anticoagulantes orales, reversi&oacute;n <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span>. Plasma. Complejo <span class="SpellE">protromb&iacute;nico</span>. <span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span class="SpellE"><b>Abstract</b></span><b>: </b></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Arch</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> <span class="SpellE">Med</span> Interna 37(3):</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">Traumatic</span> <span class="SpellE">brain</span> <span class="SpellE">injur</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">y (TBI) is a frequent reason of consultation in any Emergency Room. The United States report up to 1.7 million affected individuals persons. In Spain, the figure corresponding only to mild TBI is estimated at 92,000 patients per year. Males, <span class="SpellE">specially</span> after age 65, are the most affected group and the most frequent injury mechanism is a <span class="SpellE">a</span> <span class="SpellE">all</span> from their height.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>The association with oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) increases the complexity of its <span class="SpellE">managament</span> and is an issue under permanent review. The need to reverse anticoagulation, the methods to achieve it, the prescription of a second CT control <span style="">&nbsp;</span>in patients with mild to moderate TBI, the algorithms to better guide and organize the possible courses of action are still issues under review.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>An adequate initial assessment, a CT control only in case of neurological damage and reversion of anticoagulation with <span class="SpellE">prothrombin</span> complex allow an effective management.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; line-height: normal;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Keywords</span></i><i style=""><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">:</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> Traumatic brain injury, oral anticoagulants, <span class="SpellE">anticogulation</span> reversion. <span class="SpellE">Pasma</span>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">Prothrombin</span> complex.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana; color: red;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana;">INTRODUCCION<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Los traumatismos craneoencef&aacute;licos (TCE) en pacientes que reciben tratamiento anticoagulante oral (TAO) constituyen un tema en constante revisi&oacute;n. En los &uacute;ltimos a&ntilde;os numerosas publicaciones abordan diferentes aspectos de este tema, como su evoluci&oacute;n y tratamiento. Ha sido claramente establecido que ese grupo de pacientes tiene mayor riesgo de sufrir hemorragia intracraneal (HIC), y de mayor magnitud <sup>(<a href="#1">1</a><a name="1."></a>).</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Hay varios aspectos de especial inter&eacute;s en este grupo de pacientes, como la necesidad de revertir el efecto del TAO de forma r&aacute;pida, los m&eacute;todos para lograrlo, la posible indicaci&oacute;n de un segundo control <span class="SpellE">tomogr&aacute;fico</span>, el plazo de internaci&oacute;n-observaci&oacute;n cl&iacute;nica, y los algoritmos que orienten y organicen mejor las posibles conductas a seguir. <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En gran parte debido al avance en la disponibilidad y mejor&iacute;a en los controles, junto al aumento de la esperanza de vida, existe un n&uacute;mero cada vez mayor de pacientes que se benefician del TAO. El ajuste del TAO se ha podido estandarizar de forma universal gracias a la determinaci&oacute;n de un ratio de los tiempos de coagulaci&oacute;n ajustado a la sensibilidad de la t&eacute;cnica utilizada, conocido por el acr&oacute;nimo en ingl&eacute;s: INR (<span class="SpellE">Index</span> <span class="SpellE">Normalized</span> Ratio). Estos tratamientos anticoagulantes cada vez se perfeccionan m&aacute;s. Cl&aacute;sicamente, desde hace m&aacute;s de 50 a&ntilde;os, el TAO hace referencia a la terapia, monitorizaci&oacute;n y ajuste de dosis de los f&aacute;rmacos anti-vitaminas K (AVK), principalmente <span class="SpellE">warfarina</span> en medios anglosajones o <span class="SpellE">acenocumarol</span> en los<span style="color: rgb(227, 108, 10);"> </span>pa&iacute;ses mediterr&aacute;neos. En cambio, con la progresiva incorporaci&oacute;n de nuevos f&aacute;rmacos anticoagulantes orales como los antagonistas directos de la trombina (<span class="SpellE">Dabigatran</span>) y los inhibidores del factor <span class="SpellE">Xa</span> (<span class="SpellE">Rivaroxaban</span>, <span class="SpellE">Apixaban</span>), se pueden superar algunos de los inconvenientes de la TAO con AVK, como la necesidad de controles peri&oacute;dicos, variabilidad inter e <span class="SpellE">intraindividual</span> y los ajustes de dosis. Al mismo tiempo, se logra mejor control terap&eacute;utico por su efecto predecible, aunque estos nuevos f&aacute;rmacos carecen de ant&iacute;dotos o de terapia espec&iacute;fica en caso de hemorragia o sangrado y desconocemos sus efectos a medio y largo plazo <sup>(<a href="#2">2</a><a name="2."></a>)</sup>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Para la actual revisi&oacute;n y a modo de simplificaci&oacute;n, referimos como TAO a los AVK.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Sobre el TCE en el paciente sometido a TAO, la conducta ante el TCE grave (Glasgow menor de 8-9) no parece encerrar mucha controversia. Se deben optimizar niveles seguros de coagulaci&oacute;n para minimizar el riesgo de hemorragia acompa&ntilde;ante y revertir r&aacute;pidamente los efectos de la TAO que puedan permitir practicar los procedimientos quir&uacute;rgicos indicados en cada caso.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">No sucede necesariamente lo mismo con los pacientes que han sufrido un TCE clasificado como leve (Glasgow 14-15) o moderado (Glasgow 9 -13). En estos pacientes la incidencia de lesiones potencialmente quir&uacute;rgicas es menor y se precisan, en muchos casos, algunas horas de observaci&oacute;n luego de un control <span class="SpellE">tomogr&aacute;fico</span> inicial que permita definir la conducta definitiva en cada caso.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Es precisamente ante estos dos tipos de pacientes con TCE y TAO en donde se pueden encontrar distintas recomendaciones.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Un aspecto a tener en cuenta en el manejo de estos pacientes es la atenci&oacute;n <span class="SpellE">prehospitalaria</span>. Diversos estudios han destacado la importancia de una correcta valoraci&oacute;n inicial de la escala de coma de Glasgow (ECG) en vista de iniciar de inmediato medidas de soporte<span style="">&nbsp; </span>como el control de la v&iacute;a a&eacute;rea. Una atenci&oacute;n <span class="SpellE">prehospitalaria</span> eficaz contribuye a una mejor recuperaci&oacute;n neurol&oacute;gica, sobre todo en pacientes graves <sup>(<a href="#3">3</a><a name="3."></a>).</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.55pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>I.<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Aspectos epidemiol&oacute;gicos<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">De acuerdo con una publicaci&oacute;n del Centro del Control de Enfermedades (CDC) en los Estados Unidos de Am&eacute;rica <sup>(<a href="#4">4</a><a name="4."></a>),</sup> de 1,7 millones de personas que sufrir&aacute;n un TCE en un per&iacute;odo de un a&ntilde;o, 52.000 de ellos morir&aacute;n, 27.5000 ser&aacute;n hospitalizados y cerca de 1.365.000 (alrededor del 80%) ser&aacute;n atendidos y dados de alta desde el propio Servicio de Urgencias. Entre los adultos, el grupo de edad a partir de los 65 a&ntilde;os, tiene m&aacute;s posibilidades de sufrir un TCE. En los mayores de 75 a&ntilde;os se encuentran las cifras m&aacute;s altas de mortalidad, morbilidad y hospitalizaci&oacute;n. Las ca&iacute;das constituyen el mecanismo de lesi&oacute;n por el que m&aacute;s se consulta en un Servicio de Urgencias (523.043) y por el que m&aacute;s ingresos se realizan (62.334). <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Se debe decir, adem&aacute;s, que las consultas en urgencias por lesiones a consecuencia de TCE aumentaron un 14,4% mientras la hospitalizaci&oacute;n por esta causa lo hizo en un 19,5% entre 2002 y 2006.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Los varones contin&uacute;an siendo<span style="">&nbsp; </span>el sexo m&aacute;s afectado. En un estudio prospectivo realizado en Argentina en 1.540 pacientes con TCE, se encontr&oacute; una relaci&oacute;n 4,5:1 a favor de los hombres <sup>(<a href="#5">5</a><a name="5."></a>).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En Espa&ntilde;a durante el 2002, fueron ingresados por TCE como diagn&oacute;stico primario, unas 35.000 personas; si se considera el TCE como diagn&oacute;stico secundario, la cifra real podr&iacute;a ser mayor. Algunos autores estiman que la incidencia es mayor y estar&iacute;a en el orden de 92.000 pacientes por a&ntilde;o con el mayor n&uacute;mero de casos en las comunidades de Castilla- Le&oacute;n, Madrid y Catalu&ntilde;a <sup>(<a href="#6">6</a><a name="6."></a>)</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Si analizamos por otro lado, el riesgo hemorr&aacute;gico, vemos que un n&uacute;mero cada vez mayor de pacientes se beneficia del TAO, alcanzando en Espa&ntilde;a una tasa de crecimiento superior al 10% anual. Solo en 2003, 12-19 por cada 1.000 pacientes llevaban TAO con AVK para diferentes problemas m&eacute;dicos encabezados por la fibrilaci&oacute;n auricular,<span style="">&nbsp; </span>47,1% <sup>(<a href="#7">7</a><a name="7."></a>).</sup> A todo lo anterior hay que agregar que, en la actualidad, los inconvenientes propios del TAO con los cl&aacute;sicos AVK, <span class="SpellE">acenocumarol</span> y <span class="SpellE">warfarina</span>, van siendo superados con la introducci&oacute;n de nuevas opciones terap&eacute;uticas como el <span class="SpellE">dabigatran</span> (inhibidor espec&iacute;fico de la trombina de administraci&oacute;n oral), que mejora el perfil de seguridad y eficacia del tratamiento, lo que permite establecer que el TAO continuar&aacute; siendo una herramienta eficaz <sup>(<a href="#8">8</a><a name="8."></a>, <a href="#9">9</a><a name="9."></a>)</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Resulta importante que los Servicios de Urgencias que reciben a estos pacientes cuenten con criterios unificados, establecidos con un buen nivel de evidencia, que permita abordar de forma eficiente el alto n&uacute;mero de consultas por TCE <sup>(<a href="#10">10</a><a name="10."></a>).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.55pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>II.<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Factores de riesgo y aspectos del pron&oacute;stico<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">El riesgo mayor de HIC en pacientes con TAO y TCE ha sido bien establecido. Un estudio retrospectivo, realizado en el Reino Unido sobre pacientes ingresados por TCE y TAO o <span class="SpellE">antiagregaci&oacute;n</span> previa, demuestra que se debe prestar especial atenci&oacute;n a la hora de decidir el alta de estos pacientes ante el peligro potencial de hemorragias <sup>(<a href="#11">11</a><a name="11."></a>).</sup> La presencia de TCE, asociado a otros traumatismos en pacientes con TAO o <span class="SpellE">antiagregaci&oacute;n</span>, comporta mayor mortalidad para los traumatismos asociados. De esta forma, si no est&aacute; presente el TCE, los pacientes <span class="SpellE">anticoagulados</span> o <span class="SpellE">antiagregados</span>, con lesiones en otras zonas, presentan una mortalidad similar a los no <span class="SpellE">anticoagulados</span> o <span class="SpellE">antiagregados</span> <sup>(<a href="#12">12</a><a name="12."></a>).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Un estudio retrospectivo del departamento de cirug&iacute;a del Hospital Universitario de Cincinnati (USA), que evalu&oacute; la mortalidad tras TCE en pacientes mayores de 50 a&ntilde;os <span class="SpellE">antiagregados</span> con aspirina (AAS), <span class="SpellE">clopidogrel</span> o ambos, demostr&oacute; que existe una elevada tasa de mortalidad asociada a la HIC que complica el TCE. El valor inicial del Glasgow y el resultado de la primer TC craneal fueron considerados como <span class="SpellE">predictores</span> de mortalidad en estos pacientes <sup>(<a href="#13">13</a><a name="13."></a>).</sup> Otros autores sugieren que no existe relaci&oacute;n directa entre mortalidad, TCE cerrado y TAO y que el <span class="SpellE">predictor</span> independiente ser&iacute;a la edad mayor de 50 a&ntilde;os <sup>(<a href="#14">14</a><a name="14."></a>).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Estos factores predictivos de mortalidad han sido validados tambi&eacute;n para pacientes en tratamiento con <span class="SpellE">warfarina</span> e HIC tras TCE. <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Un estudio del departamento de neurolog&iacute;a de la Cl&iacute;nica Mayo, publicado en 2008, encontr&oacute;<span style="">&nbsp; </span>que existe una asociaci&oacute;n significativa entre el estado funcional del paciente al alta con: la puntuaci&oacute;n de Glasgow inicial, volumen de HIC inicial, el porcentaje de expansi&oacute;n de la HIC y la glucemia a las 48 horas. La presencia de estupor o coma desde el inicio fue asociada a peor pron&oacute;stico. El grado de expansi&oacute;n de la HIC se relacion&oacute; con el pron&oacute;stico al alta. Los pacientes con una media de expansi&oacute;n de HIC del 14,9% presentaron mejores resultados al alta frente al 30,5% de expansi&oacute;n de los que presentaron peores resultados. De igual forma, un volumen de HIC que exceda los 73,4 ml, fue asociado a un 100% de especificidad para predecir peores resultados. El an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico<span style="color: red;"> </span>mostr&oacute;, que el estado de conciencia y el volumen de la HIC inicial, serv&iacute;an tambi&eacute;n como <span class="SpellE">predictores</span> de mortalidad precoz antes del s&eacute;ptimo d&iacute;a. Para estos autores, el tiempo transcurrido hasta la reversi&oacute;n del INR a la normalidad no estuvo implicado con un menor crecimiento del volumen de la HIC. Tampoco se encontr&oacute; relaci&oacute;n entre mortalidad y el valor del INR antes del TCE, como tambi&eacute;n refieren otros autores <sup>(<a href="#15">15</a><a name="15."></a>).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Otros estudios sugieren que la edad mayor de 70 a&ntilde;os y el INR por encima de 4 podr&iacute;an estar relacionados con una mayor mortalidad, por lo que recomiendan la reversi&oacute;n precoz de la <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span> dentro de las dos primeras horas en pacientes con hematomas cerebrales, para evitar la progresi&oacute;n del mismo hematoma <sup>(<a href="#16">16</a><a name="16."></a>, <a href="#17">17</a><a name="17."></a>).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Aspectos relativos a la TC:<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Es evidente que la TC inicial est&aacute; justificada en el manejo inicial de los pacientes con TCE y TAO <sup>(<a href="#18">18</a><a name="18."></a>).</sup> En los pacientes con TCE leve, cuando la TC inicial es normal y no aparece deterioro neurol&oacute;gico durante la observaci&oacute;n, se cuestiona cada vez m&aacute;s la indicaci&oacute;n rutinaria de una TC de control previo al alta <sup>(<a href="#19">19</a><a name="19."></a><a name="20."></a><a name="21."></a>-<a href="#22">22</a><a name="22."></a>).</sup> Incluso, se ha llegado a plantear que su indicaci&oacute;n rutinaria inicial, ante pacientes con TCE leve sin d&eacute;ficit neurol&oacute;gico y TAO, no estar&iacute;a justificada <sup>(<a href="#23">23</a><a name="23."></a>).<o:p></o:p></sup></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En otra direcci&oacute;n apuntan quienes defienden el uso de la TC de control durante las primeras 24 horas del ingreso. Un estudio publicado en 2009 encontr&oacute; que el 47% de los pacientes con deterioro neurol&oacute;gico fueron sometidos a intervenci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica debido al resultado de la TC de control, realizada como promedio 10,10 horas (+/-7,25 horas) luego del primer estudio <sup>(<a href="#24">24</a><a name="24."></a>).<o:p></o:p></sup></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -39.55pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>III.<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Manejo de la coagulaci&oacute;n/<span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span>: &iquest;qu&eacute; es lo ideal?<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Una vez establecida la gravedad del TCE, por medio de los hallazgos cl&iacute;nicos, GCS y estudio <span class="SpellE">tomogr&aacute;fico</span>, se debe discutir el m&eacute;todo de m&eacute;todo de reversi&oacute;n de <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span> para cada caso, al tiempo que se debe establecer con qu&eacute; rapidez deber&aacute; obtenerse esa reversi&oacute;n o normalizaci&oacute;n de los tiempos de coagulaci&oacute;n. <sup>(<a href="#25">25</a><a name="25."></a>)</sup> La necesidad de establecer una conducta adecuada, y evitar retrasos en la reversi&oacute;n de la <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span>, es una tarea fundamental en un servicio de urgencias, en coordinaci&oacute;n con el Servicio de Hematolog&iacute;a y el Laboratorio de Urgencias, cuando atiende a este tipo de pacientes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En los casos de pacientes con TCE con estudio <span class="SpellE">tomogr&aacute;fico</span> sin evidencia de HIC, con un valor de INR por encima de su rango terap&eacute;utico, se debe revertir la <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span> hasta su nivel terap&eacute;utico, mediante el uso de vitamina K, fundamentalmente <span class="SpellE">endovenosa</span>.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>En caso de tomograf&iacute;a sin HIC, y un INR en rango terap&eacute;utico, puede bastar con suspender la <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span> durante la observaci&oacute;n.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Otros m&eacute;todos disponibles, para revertir la TAO contemplan el uso de plasma fresco congelado (PFC) <span class="SpellE">securizado</span> (en Espa&ntilde;a, como en varios pa&iacute;ses de Europa, desde 1999 es obligatoria la aplicaci&oacute;n de seguridad extra), concentrado de factor VII recombinante activado, o concentrado complejo <span class="SpellE">protromb&iacute;nico</span> (CCP) <sup>(<a href="#26">26</a><a name="26."></a>).</sup> Cada uno de estos compuestos ha sido evaluado en diferentes estudios y han sido descritos sus ventajas e inconvenientes, siendo en muchos casos aceptado como adecuado el uso del complejo <span class="SpellE">protromb&iacute;nico</span> <sup>(<a href="#27">27</a><a name="27."></a>).</sup> Resulta importante recordar, en algunos de estos pacientes con diferente <span class="SpellE">comorbilidad</span>, que en el estudio inicial, no solo se deber&aacute; prestar atenci&oacute;n al valor del INR, sino que es importante evaluar el resto de indicadores del estudio de coagulaci&oacute;n, que podr&iacute;an estar afectados y requerir&iacute;an consideraciones independientes <sup>(<a href="#28">28</a><a name="28."></a>).</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">La lentitud con que logran la reversi&oacute;n del INR, y la cuestionada eficacia del uso de la vitamina K y el PFC los han ido &ldquo;retrasando&rdquo; en los protocolos de reversi&oacute;n de TAO actuales. La Gu&iacute;a Brit&aacute;nica, y la <span class="SpellE">revisbase</span> de datos Cochrane, recomiendan en primer lugar la administraci&oacute;n de CPP antes que PFC. Entre las revisiones que han abordado este tema se encuentran las de<span style="">&nbsp; </span><span class="SpellE">Stanworth</span> <sup>(<a href="#29">29</a><a name="29."></a>),</sup><span style="color: red;"> </span><span class="SpellE">Makris</span> <sup>(<a href="#30">30</a><a name="30."></a>)</sup> y las <span class="SpellE">Guidelines</span> BCSH <sup>(<a href="#31">31</a><a name="31."></a>).</sup><i style=""> </i>Varios autores establecen, luego de una extensa revisi&oacute;n, que el <span class="hps">PFC</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">para</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">el tratamiento de</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">sobredosis</span><span class="longtext"> de </span><span class="SpellE"><span class="hps">warfarina</span></span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">solo deber&iacute;a usarse</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">cuando</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">hay</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">un sangrado</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">severo</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">o</span><span class="longtext"> no hay disponibles </span><span class="hps">concentrados de</span><span class="longtext"> </span><span class="hps">complejo de protrombina.</span><span class="longtext"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Estas recomendaciones se basan en varios aspectos: 1) la manipulaci&oacute;n del PFC requiere compatibilidad de grupo sangu&iacute;neo, descongelaci&oacute;n y transporte,<span style="">&nbsp; </span>lo que puede demorar su aplicaci&oacute;n hasta en m&aacute;s de una hora, 2) el PFC aporta factores vitamina K dependientes que se comportan de forma estable, sin embargo, la dosis recomendada para lograr la reversi&oacute;n del efecto del TAO oscila entre 15-20 ml/Kg de peso con lo que es preciso la infusi&oacute;n de grandes vol&uacute;menes, generalmente alrededor de 2 litros, con lo que su uso puede estar limitado en pacientes ancianos, con problemas renales, o cardiovasculares <sup>(<a href="#28">28</a>),</sup> 3) la posibilidad de transmisi&oacute;n de diferentes agentes virales, 4) los posibles efectos adversos que pueden ir desde la fiebre hasta la anafilaxia y verdaderas reacciones <span class="SpellE">transfusionales</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span class="longtext"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">El factor <span class="SpellE">VIIa</span> ha sido objeto de varias revisiones. En un estudio de b&uacute;squeda de dosis</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> la administraci&oacute;n de <span class="SpellE">rH-FVIIa</span> se demostraba una reducci&oacute;n del volumen de la HIC, pero los efectos adversos (aumento de fen&oacute;menos <span class="SpellE">aterotromb&oacute;ticos</span>) aumentaban la mortalidad <sup>(<a href="#32">32</a><a name="32."></a>).</sup> Para algunos autores que eval&uacute;an su aplicaci&oacute;n en el trauma, elementos como la acidosis, hipotermia, <span class="SpellE">trombocitopenia</span> y <span class="SpellE">coagulopat&iacute;a</span> (<span class="SpellE">hipofibrinogenemia</span>), har&iacute;an fracasar el uso del factor <span class="SpellE">VIIa</span>, al mismo tiempo sugieren su utilizaci&oacute;n desde etapas iniciales de atenci&oacute;n y tras correcci&oacute;n de los anteriores cinco factores <sup>(<a href="#33">33</a><a name="33."></a>).</sup> Su utilidad para limitar, o incluso detener, la progresi&oacute;n de la HIC no debe ser desechada <sup>(<a href="#34">34</a><a name="34."></a><a href="#34">)</a></sup> y, aunque en estos estudios se sugiere la necesidad de revisiones de su uso de forma prospectiva, se ha encontrado seguridad y efectividad cuando ha sido utilizado en pacientes con TCE y <span class="SpellE">coagulopat&iacute;a</span>, que han requerido craneotom&iacute;a, incluso en los ancianos <sup>(<a href="#35">35</a><a name="35."></a>, <a href="#36">36</a><a name="36."></a>).</sup> Otro estudio, que eval&uacute;a su aplicaci&oacute;n desde un servicio de urgencias, ha encontrado un tiempo de reversi&oacute;n del INR menor en los pacientes a los que se administra factor <span class="SpellE">VIIa</span> (media 4,8 horas) frente al grupo en el que no fue usado (17,5 horas) <sup>(<a href="#37">37</a><a name="37."></a>)</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Cuando se analiza el concentrado de complejo <span class="SpellE">protromb&iacute;nico</span> resulta evidente que presenta algunas ventajas frente al resto de los f&aacute;rmacos utilizados para revertir la <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span>: 1) corrige de forma r&aacute;pida y eficazmente la hemostasia plasm&aacute;tica (coagulaci&oacute;n), con una casi inmediata normalizaci&oacute;n de los tiempos de coagulaci&oacute;n (estudios anal&iacute;ticos), 2) carece de todos los efectos secundarios de los <span class="SpellE">hemoderivados</span> (sobrecarga de volumen asociado al PFC, los episodios de reacciones al&eacute;rgicas y anafil&aacute;cticas, las reacciones febriles no hemol&iacute;ticas, las reacciones hemol&iacute;ticas por incompatibilidad de grupo sangu&iacute;neo, los da&ntilde;os pulmonares asociados a transfusi&oacute;n (TRALI)). Debe destacarse que el TRALI fue la principal causa de muerte relacionada con la transfusi&oacute;n en los EE.UU entre 2005-2009. 3) el CPT no se asocia con los riesgos de trasmisi&oacute;n de enfermedades virales o de priones, 4) su uso evita o disminuye la progresi&oacute;n de la HIC <sup>(<a href="#28">28</a>).</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">El uso de CPP tiene tambi&eacute;n algunas contras, como la posibilidad de trombosis y su costo, aunque los nuevos preparados de CPP han disminuido el riesgo de trombosis <sup>(<a href="#38">38</a><a name="38."></a><a name="39."></a><a name="40."></a><a name="41."></a><a name="42."></a>-<a href="#43">43</a><a name="43."></a>).</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En relaci&oacute;n con el supuesto mayor coste, habitualmente se obvia mencionar el coste del PFC. <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En Catalu&ntilde;a en el a&ntilde;o 2009 el precio de una sola unidad de PFC inactivado con azul de metileno costaba 66,6 &euro; (88,45&euro; si es depurado: unos 120 $). Un paciente de 80 kg precisar&iacute;a entre 1600 y 3000 <span class="SpellE">mL</span> de PFC (10-20 <span class="SpellE">mL</span>/kg), a raz&oacute;n de unos 250-280 <span class="SpellE">mL</span> por cada unidad, equivalente entre 5 y 12 unidades de PFC, o sea entre 333 y 1061 &euro; (unos 1400 $). Este costo es superior al del uso de CPP.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana;">CONCLUSIONES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Diferentes trabajos han abordado posibles algoritmos para controlar la evoluci&oacute;n de pacientes que reciben TAO y sufren un TCE, y guiar su observaci&oacute;n con el objetivo de detectar complicaciones de forma precoz y optimizar los recursos hospitalarios. <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Sin embargo estos algoritmos, en muchos casos, solo podr&iacute;an aplicarse en centros con elevada disponibilidad de medios para revertir la <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span>, y t&eacute;cnicas de imagen <span class="SpellE">tomogr&aacute;fica</span>, lo que complica la posibilidad de extenderlos a un mayor n&uacute;mero de centros hospitalarios. <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Solo al tener en cuenta los posibles recursos disponibles para revertir la <span class="SpellE">anticoagulaci&oacute;n</span>, nos resulta complicado adaptar un algoritmo, que pudiera ser de uso general en el contexto de coste &ndash; beneficio, y que permita evitar pr&aacute;cticas m&eacute;dicas defensivas en relaci&oacute;n con estos pacientes <sup>(<a href="#44">44</a><a name="44."></a><a href="#44">)</a>.</sup> <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Con toda la informaci&oacute;n disponible en la actualidad, y con los recursos que se disponga en cada Servicio de Urgencia, hasta el momento que las Sociedades Cient&iacute;ficas puedan emitir Recomendaciones con la m&aacute;xima evidencia basadas en trabajos <span class="SpellE">randomizados</span> controlados <span class="SpellE">multic&eacute;ntricos</span>, se deber&iacute;an trazar nuevas gu&iacute;as, o adecuar las existentes, de forma individual, pero colaborativa multidisciplinar con los Servicios de Hematolog&iacute;a, de Transfusi&oacute;n, Neurolog&iacute;a y Neurocirug&iacute;a, para garantizar que la atenci&oacute;n de los pacientes con TCE asociado a TAO tenga lugar en un escenario de utilizaci&oacute;n eficaz de recursos, al tiempo que permita detectar de forma temprana los signos de alarma que justifiquen un cambio r&aacute;pido de conducta en estos pacientes, a la vez con la mejor seguridad, calidad y menor coste.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana;">CONFLICTO DE INTERESES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Los autores declaran no tener conflictos de intereses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana;">BIBLIOGRAFIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="1"></a><a href="#1.">1</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="ES-UY">Karni</span></span><span style="" lang="ES-UY"> A</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-UY">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="ES-UY">Holtzman</span></span><span style="" lang="ES-UY"> R</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-UY">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="ES-UY">Bass T</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-UY">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="ES-UY">Zorman</span></span><span style="" lang="ES-UY"> G</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-UY">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="ES-UY">Carter L</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-UY">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="ES-UY">Rodriguez</span></span><span style="" lang="ES-UY"> L</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-UY">, et al. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Traumatic head injury in the <span class="SpellE">anticoagulated</span> elderly patient: a lethal combination. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Am Surg.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2001;67:1098-100.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="2"></a><a href="#2.">2</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Schirmer</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> SH</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Baumh&auml;kel</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> M</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Neuberger HR</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Hohnloser</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> SH</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">van <span class="SpellE">Gelder</span> IC</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Lip GY</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, et al. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Novel Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in <span class="SpellE">Atrial</span> Fibrillation.&nbsp;Current Clinical Evidence and Future Developments</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. J Am <span class="SpellE">Coll</span> <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span>. 2010;56:2067-2076.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="3"></a><a href="#3.">3</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Rudehill</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> A</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Bellander</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> BM</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Weitzberg</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> E</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Bredbacka</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> S</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Backheden</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> M</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Gordon E</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. Outcome of traumatic brain injuries in 1,508 patients: impact of <span class="SpellE">prehospital</span> care.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">J <span class="SpellE">Neurotrauma</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2002;19:855-68.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="4"></a><a href="#4.">4</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Faul</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> M, <span class="SpellE">Xu</span> L, Wald MM, Coronado VG. Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations and Deaths 2002&ndash;2006 [en <span class="SpellE">linea</span>]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010 [<span class="SpellE">acceso</span>: 3 de <span class="SpellE">diciembre</span> 2010]. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Disponible en </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf"><span style="">http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/blue_book.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="5"></a><a href="#5.">5</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Marchio</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> PS, <span class="SpellE">Previgliano</span> IJ, <span class="SpellE">Goldini</span> CE, Murillo-Cabezas F. Traumatismo craneoencef&aacute;lico en la ciudad de Buenos Aires: estudio epidemiol&oacute;gico prospectivo de base poblacional.<span style=""> Neurocirug&iacute;a</span>. 2006;17:14-22.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="6"></a><a href="#6.">6</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Brell</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> M, <span class="SpellE">Iba&ntilde;es</span> J. Manejo del traumatismo craneoencef&aacute;lico leve en Espa&ntilde;a: Encuesta <span class="SpellE">multic&eacute;ntrica</span> nacional. Neurocirug&iacute;a 2001; 12: 105-124.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="7"></a><a href="#7.">7</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Navarro JL, Fern&aacute;ndez MA, <span class="SpellE">Fontcuberta</span> J, Reverter JC, Gol-<span class="SpellE">Freixase</span> J. Tratamiento anticoagulante oral. Estudio coste/beneficio. <span class="SpellE">Rev</span> <span class="SpellE">Adm</span> <span class="SpellE">Sanit</span>. 2008;6:525-42.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="8"></a><a href="#8.">8</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Connolly SJ, <span class="SpellE">Ezekowitz</span> MD, Yusuf S, </span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Eikelboom</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; 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font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Heidbuchel</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> H</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Verhamme</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> P</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">.<b> </b><span class="SpellE">Dabigatran</span> for stroke prevention in <span class="SpellE">atrial</span> fibrillation: from RE-LY to daily clinical practice. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">Acta <span class="SpellE">Cardiol</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2010<span style="">;65:491-7.    </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="citation" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; background: white none repeat scroll 0%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="10"></a><a href="#10.">10</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Watts DD</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Hanfling</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> D</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; 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font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Prehosp</span></span><span style=""> <span class="SpellE">Emerg</span> <span class="SpellE">Care</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2004 Jul-Sep;8:254-61.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="11"></a><a href="#11.">11</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Major J</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; 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A retrospective review of patients with head injury with coexistent anticoagulant and <span class="SpellE">antiplatelet</span> use admitted from a UK emergency department<b>. </b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Emerg</span></span><span style=""> <span class="SpellE">Med</span> J.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2009;26:871-6.    </span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="12"></a><a href="#12.">12</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Ott</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> MM</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Eriksson E</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Vanderkolk</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> W</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Christianson D</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Davis A</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Scholten</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> D</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. <span class="SpellE">Antiplatelet</span> and anticoagulation therapies do not increase mortality in the absence of traumatic brain injury. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">J Trauma.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2010;68:560-3.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="13"></a><a href="#13.">13</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term="><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">I</span></span></a><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">vascu</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> FA</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Howells GA</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Junn</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> FS</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Bair HA</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Bendick</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> PJ</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Janczyk</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> RJ</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. Predictors of mortality in trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage on <span class="SpellE">preinjury</span> aspirin or <span class="SpellE">clopidogrel</span>. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">J Trauma.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2008;65:785-8.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="14"></a><a href="#14.">14</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">Fortuna GR</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Mueller</span></span><span style=""> EW</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">James LE</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Shutter</span></span><span style=""> LA</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">Butler KL</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">The impact of <span class="SpellE">preinjury</span> <span class="SpellE">antiplatelet</span> and anticoagulant pharmacotherapy on outcomes in elderly patients with hemorrhagic brain injury. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Surgery</span></span><span style="">.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2008;144:598-60</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;     font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="15"></a><a href="#15.">15</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Zubkov</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> AY</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Mandrekar</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> JN</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Claassen</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> DO</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Manno</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> EM</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Wijdicks</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> EF</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Rabinstein</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> AA</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. <span style="">Predictors of outcome in <span class="SpellE">warfarin</span>-related <span class="SpellE">intracerebral</span> hemorrhage.</span> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Arch Neurol.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2008;65:1320-5.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="16"></a><a href="#16.">16</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style="">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Franko</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> J</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Kish KJ</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">O'Connell BG</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Subramanian S</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Yuschak</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> JV</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. Advanced age and <span class="SpellE">preinjury</span> <span class="SpellE">warfarin</span> anticoagulation increase the risk of mortality after head trauma. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">J Trauma. 2006;61:107-10.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="17"></a><a href="#17.">17</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Huttner</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> HB, <span class="SpellE">Schellinger</span> PD, Hartmann M, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">K&ouml;hrmann</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> M</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Juettler</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> E</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Wikner</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> J</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, et al. Hematoma growth and outcome in treated <span class="SpellE">neurocritical</span> care patients with <span class="SpellE">intracerebral</span> hemorrhage related to oral anticoagulant therapy: comparison of acute treatment strategies using vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and <span class="SpellE">prothrombin</span> complex concentrates. <span style="">Stroke</span>. 2006; </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">37(6):1465-1470.     <span class="SpellE">Stroke</span>. 2006;37:1465-1470.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="18"></a><a href="#18.">18</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Smits</span></span><span style=""> M</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Dippel</span></span><span style=""> DW</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Nederkoorn</span></span><span style=""> PJ</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Dekker</span></span><span style=""> HM</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">Vos PE</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Kool</span></span><span style=""> DR</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">, et al. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Minor Head Injury: CT-based Strategies for Management&mdash;A Cost-effectiveness Analysis.<span style="">&nbsp; </span>Radiology. 2010;254:532-540.<o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="19"></a><a href="#19.">19</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Brown CV</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Weng</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> J</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Oh D</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Salim</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> A</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Kasotakis</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> G</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Demetriades</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> D</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> et al. Does routine serial computed tomography of the head influence management of traumatic brain injury? A prospective evaluation. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">J Trauma.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2004;57:939-43.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="20"></a><a href="#20.">20</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="DA">Kaups KL</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="DA">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="DA">Davis JW</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="DA">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="DA">Parks SN</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="DA">. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Routinely repeated computed tomography after blunt head trauma: does it benefit patients? </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">J Trauma.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2004;56:475-80.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="citation" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="21"></a><a href="#21.">21</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Sifri</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> ZC</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Homnick</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> AT</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Vaynman</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> A</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Lavery</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> R</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Liao W</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Mohr A</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, et al. <span style="">A prospective evaluation of the value of repeat cranial computed tomography in patients with minimal head injury and an intracranial bleed. </span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">J Trauma.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2006;61:862-7.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="22"></a><a href="#22.">22</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Brown CV</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Zada</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> G</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Salim</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> A</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Inaba</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> K</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Kasotakis</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> G</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Hadjizacharia</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> P</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, et al Indications for routine repeat head computed tomography (CT) stratified by severity of traumatic brain injury. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">J Trauma.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2007;62:1339-44<o:p></o:p></span><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="23"></a><a href="#23.">23</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Gittleman</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> AM</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Ortiz AO</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Keating DP</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Katz DS</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. <span style="">Indications for CT in patients receiving anticoagulation after head trauma.</span> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">AJNR<span style="">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">2005;26:603-6.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="24"></a><a href="#24.">24</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Park HK</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Joo</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> WI</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Chough CK</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Cho CB</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Lee KJ</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Rha</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> HK</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. The clinical efficacy of repeat brain computed tomography in patients with traumatic intracranial <span class="SpellE">haemorrhage</span> within 24 hours after blunt head injury. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">Br J <span class="SpellE">Neurosurg</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2009;23:617-21.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="25"></a><a href="#25.">25</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Ivascu</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> FA, <span class="SpellE">Howells</span> GA, <span class="SpellE">Junn</span> FS, <span class="SpellE">Bair</span> HA, <span class="SpellE">Bendick</span> PJ, <span class="SpellE">Janczyk</span> RJ. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">Rapid <span class="SpellE">Warfarin</span> Reversal in <span class="SpellE">Anticoagulated</span> Patients with Traumatic <span class="SpellE">Intracraneal</span> <span class="SpellE">Hemorrhage</span> Reduces <span class="SpellE">Hemorrhage</span> Progression and Mortality. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">J Trauma 2005; 59: 1131-1139.     <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="26"></a><a href="#26.">26</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Quintana D&iacute;az M,<span style="">&nbsp; </span>S&aacute;nchez Casado M, Chico M, Garc&iacute;a De Lorenzo A. Coagulaci&oacute;n y paciente cr&iacute;tico. En: Jim&eacute;nez Yuste V, coordinador. Evidencia Cient&iacute;fica en Complejos de Protrombina. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Manual de </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="ES-TRAD">Actuaci&oacute;n</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. Madrid: IM&amp;C, SA. 2010. pp. 59-72.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="27"></a><a href="#27.">27</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Grobler</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> C, <span class="SpellE">Callum</span> J, <span class="SpellE">McCluskey</span> SA. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Reversal of vitamin K antagonists prior to urgent surgery.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> Can J <span class="SpellE">Anaesth</span>. 2010;57:458-67.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="28"></a><a href="#28.">28</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Quintana D&iacute;az M, Carvalho M. Hemorragia por anticoagulantes orales y tratamiento con complejos <span class="SpellE">protromb&iacute;nicos</span> [en l&iacute;nea]. INTENSIVOS. 2008; 27 [acceso 22 /12/ 2010]. Disponible en: </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a href="http://intensivos.uninet.edu/27/2701.html"><span style="">http://intensivos.uninet.edu/27/2701.html</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;     font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="29"></a><a href="#29.">29</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Stanworth</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> SJ, <span class="SpellE">Brunskill</span> SJ, Hyde CJ, McClelland DB, Murphy MF. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">Is fresh frozen plasma clinically effective? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials.Br J <span class="SpellE">Haematol</span>. 2004; 126: 139-52 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;     font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 14.4pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="30"></a><a href="#30.">30</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Makris</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> M, Watson HG. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN">The management of <span class="SpellE">coumarin</span>-induced over-anticoagulation. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN">Br J <span class="SpellE">Haematol</span>. 2001;114:271-80.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><a name="31"></a><a href="#31.">31</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">O'Shaughnessy DF, <span class="SpellE">Atterbury</span> C, Bolton <span class="SpellE">Maggs</span> P, Murphy M, Thomas D, Yates S. Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and <span class="SpellE">cryosupernatant</span>. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Br J <span class="SpellE">Haematol</span>. 2004;126:11-28.    </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><a name="32"></a><a href="#32.">32</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">Mayer SA, <span class="SpellE">Brun</span> NC, <span class="SpellE">Begtrup</span> K, Broderick J, Davis S, <span class="SpellE">Diringer</span> MN. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute <span class="SpellE">intracerebral</span> <span class="SpellE">hemorrhage</span>. N <span class="SpellE">Engl</span> J Med. 2008;358:2127-37.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><a name="33"></a><a href="#33.">33</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">Stein DM, Dutton RP, O'Connor J, Alexander M, <span class="SpellE">Scalea</span> <span class="SpellE">TM.Determinants</span> of futility of administration of recombinant factor <span class="SpellE">VIIa</span> in <span class="SpellE">trauma.J</span> Trauma. 2005;59:609-615.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="34"></a><a href="#34.">34</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">White CE</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Schrank</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> AE</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, <span class="MsoHyperlink">Baskin TW</span>, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Holcomb JB</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. Effects of recombinant activated factor VII in traumatic nonsurgical intracranial hemorrhage. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="">Curr</span></span><span style=""> <span class="SpellE">Surg</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2006;63:310-7.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="35"></a><a href="#35.">35</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">McQuay</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> N <span class="SpellE">Jr</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Cipolla</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> J</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Franges</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> EZ</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Thompson GE</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. The use of recombinant activated factor <span class="SpellE">VIIa</span> in <span class="SpellE">coagulopathic</span> traumatic brain injuries requiring emergent craniotomy: is it beneficial? </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="">J <span class="SpellE">Neurosurg</span>.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 2009;111:666-71.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="36"></a><a href="#36.">36)</a><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Stein DM</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Dutton RP</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Kramer ME</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Handley C</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Scalea</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> TM</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. Recombinant factor <span class="SpellE">VIIa</span>: decreasing time to intervention in <span class="SpellE">coagulopathic</span> patients with severe traumatic brain injury. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">J Trauma.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2008;64:620-7.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="37"></a><a href="#37.">37</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Nishijima</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> DK</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Dager</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> WE</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Schrot</span></span><span style="" lang="EN-US"> RJ</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Holmes JF</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">. The efficacy of factor <span class="SpellE">VIIa</span> in emergency department patients with <span class="SpellE">warfarin</span> use and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span class="SpellE"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Acad</span></span><a href="javascript:AL_get(this,%20'jour',%20'Acad%20Emerg%20Med.');"><span style="" lang="EN-US"> </span></a><span style="" lang="EN-US"><span class="SpellE">Emerg</span> Med.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> 2010;17:244-51.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><span style=""><a name="38"></a><a href="#38.">38</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Liumbruno</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> G, <span class="SpellE">Bennardello</span> F, <span class="SpellE">Lattanzio</span> A, <span class="SpellE">Piccoli</span> P, Rossetti G. <span class="MsoHyperlink">Recommendations for the use of <span class="SpellE">antithrombin</span> concentrates and <span class="SpellE">prothrombin</span> complex concentrates.</span> Italian Society of Transfusion Medicine and <span class="SpellE">Immunohaematology</span> (SIMTI) Working Party. <span class="jrnl">Blood <span class="SpellE">Transfus</span>.</span> 2009;7:325-34<o:p></o:p></span><p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><a name="39"></a><a href="#39.">39</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Lankiewicz</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> MW, Hays J, Friedman KD, <span class="SpellE">Tinkoff</span> G, <span class="SpellE">Blatt</span> PM. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Urgent reversal of <span class="SpellE">warfarin</span> with <span class="SpellE">prothrombin</span> complex concentrate.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"> J <span class="SpellE">Thromb</span> <span class="SpellE">Haemost</span>. 2006;4:967-70.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><span style=""><a name="40"></a><a href="#40.">40</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB">Kalina</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"> U, <span class="SpellE">Bickhard</span> H, Schulte S. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="" lang="EN-US">Biochemical comparison of seven commercially available <span class="SpellE">prothrombin</span> complex concentrates.</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"> <span class="SpellE">Int</span> J <span class="SpellE">Clin</span> <span class="SpellE">Pract</span>. 2008;62:1614-22.    <o:p></o:p></span></p>       <p class="Prrafodelista" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-GB"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>       <!-- ref --><p class="authlist" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span style=""><a name="41"></a><a href="#41.">41</a>)<span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">&nbsp;</span></span></span><span class="SpellE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; 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