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Odontoestomatología

versión impresa ISSN 0797-0374versión On-line ISSN 1688-9339

Odontoestomatología vol.22 no.35 Montevideo  2020  Epub 01-Jun-2020

https://doi.org/10.22592/ode2020n35a8 

Research

Determination of the acquisition of Mutans Streptococci in a group of Uruguayan children up to 36 months of age. Pilot study

1 Cátedra de Odontopediatría, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.

2 Cátedra de Odontopediatría, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República, Uruguay.dragracielagarcia@gmail.com


Abstract:

Introduction:

The newborn's mouth is immediately contaminated with maternal microorganisms at birth. Caufield determined that the average age of colonization with Mutants streptococci (MS) for American children was 26 months old. Latin American studies indicate that it occurs at an age between 14.9 and 18 months old.

Objectives:

To identify the time of MS acquisition and colonization in a population of Uruguayan children and to relate it with various child and maternal factors. To establish the time needed to collect the sample and its loss.

Methods:

Observational, longitudinal prospective study, of 83 mother-child pairs from a medical center in Montevideo. From the 83 pairs examined, 20 completed the study. Children between 0-9 months old, with/without teeth, whose first saliva sample was negative for MS, were included.

Results:

The mean age of MS acquisition was 16.4 months (± 4.13), and colonization occurred at 18.6 months (± 3.80) of age. The sample loss was 71.42%.

Conclusions:

The colonization found was similar to that found by Florio (Brazil) but showed significant differences with Caufield's results (USA).

Keywords: Streptococcus mutans; mutans streptococci; MS; window of infectivity; nfant; oral flora; microbiology; newborn

Resumen:

Introducción:

La boca del recién nacido se contamina inmediatamente con microorganismos maternos. Caufield determinó la colonización con SGM para niños americanos a los 26 meses de edad. Estudios latinoamericanos la ubican entre los 14,9-18 meses.

Objetivos:

-Identificar el momento de adquisición y colonización del SGM en una población de niños uruguayos y relacionarlo con factores del niño y maternos. Establecer el tiempo necesario para la recolección de la muestra y estudio de su pérdida.

Método:

Estudio observacional, longitudinal prospectivo, de 83 pares madre-hijo de un policlínico de Montevideo. De 83 pares examinados, 20 completaron el estudio. Se incluyeron niños de 0-9 meses, con/sin dientes y primera toma salival negativa para SGM.

Resultados:

Edad promedio de adquisición del SGM 16,4 meses (±4,13) y colonización 18,6 meses (±3,80) de edad. La pérdida de la muestra fue 71,42%.

Conclusiones:

La colonización resultó similar a la encontrada por Florio (Brasil), observándose diferencias significativas con Caufield (EEUU).

Palabras clave: Streptococcus mutans; ventana de infectividad; flora bucal infantil; microbiología; recién nacido

Resumo:

Introdução:

A boca do recém-nascido é imediatamente contaminada por microrganismos maternos. Caufield determinou a colonização com SGM para crianças americanas aos 26 meses de idade. Estudos latino-americanos o situam entre 14,9-18 meses.

Objetivos:

-Identificar o momento de aquisição e colonização do SGM em uma população de crianças uruguaias e relacioná-lo com fatores da criança e da mãe. Estabeleça o tempo necessário para coletar a amostra e estudar sua perda.

Método:

Estudo observacional, longitudinal prospectivo, de 83 pares mãe-filho da uma policlínica de Montevidéu. Dos 83 pares examinados, 20 completaram o estudo. Foram incluídas crianças de 0-9 meses com / sem dentes e primeira amostra salivar negativa para SGM.

Resultados:

Idade média de aquisição do SGM 16,4 meses (± 4,13) e colonização 18,6 meses (± 3,80) de idade. A perda estabelecida da amostra foi 71,42%.

Conclusões:

A colonização foi semelhante aos de Florio (Brasil), observando diferenças significativas com Caufield (EUA)

Palavras-chave: Streptococcus mutans; janela de infectividade; flora oral infantil; microbiologia; recém-nascido

Introduction and background

The newborn’s mouth is contaminated with microorganisms immediately after birth; these come mostly from the baby’s mother. Mutans streptococci (MS) are known as initiators of the dental caries process, and evidence indicates that infant transmission is mainly vertical, from mother to child1. Diet and lifestyle are a fundamental factor in the development2 of the disease, as they can modify oral flora levels3. Total sugar exposure during childhood was associated with initial MS acquisition in an Australian cohort of young children4, and it was found that its adhesion properties may be sensitive to sucrose concentration in the oral cavity5. Early consumption of sugary foods and beverages can have a significant dental impact on the establishment of future cariogenic dietary patterns or on the formation of cariogenic bacteria in the oral cavity6-7.

Early childhood caries (ECC), of multifactorial etiology, occurs in a specific patient, and the presence of MS seems to be key in its pathogenesis and in this age group, as it increases the risk(7-15).

Research shows that MS colonization may occur in edentulous children16-17.

Despite this, a period of greater18 susceptibility for acquisition is described as “infectivity window”, which occurs after tooth eruption, especially after the eruption of the first deciduous molar.

According to reports from the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention, dental caries is the most prevalent and common chronic disease in children under the age of three. ECC is five times more common than asthma and seven times more common than hay fever. The time of acquisition of cariogenic microorganisms is of particular importance for ECC, particularly MS.

Preventing or delaying MS colonization is essential to control dental caries4,20-21. Less privileged groups have a disease prevalence between two and five times higher22.

The time of MS acquisition remains controversial, as it is the main microorganism associated with caries23. Microbiological risk indicators may be present in the mouth even before tooth eruption. A predominantly cariogenic environment includes aciduric and acidogenic flora. Some of the caries-related factors are unique to this age group, such as newly acquired bacterial flora, frequent intakes, immaturity of the immune system and of the tooth enamel.

Saliva is the vehicle through which MS reach the child’s oral cavity. In addition to MS in maternal saliva, the mother’s caries record (DMF-T index), education and eating habits are strongly associated with MS colonization in the baby(4,17,23-27).

However, the presence of MS alone is not sufficient to predict caries in children17,28-29. Three events are fundamental for ECC development: early MS acquisition, MS colonization until pathogenic levels are reached, and reduced enamel mineralization29-30.

Preschoolers with high MS levels showed a higher prevalence of caries and a higher risk of developing new lesions compared to children with low MS levels20,25,31-32. Some studies agree that infants or preschoolers who acquire MS before the age of two have a more considerable caries experience in both dentitions compared to those who have later colonization20-21. Those with high MS levels are five times more likely to develop caries than those with low MS levels.

Study objectives:

  • -To identify the time of MS acquisition and colonization in a population of Uruguayan children that attend a public health center, relating this to other factors such as:

  • -in the child: sex and number of erupted teeth.

  • -in the mother: MS presence in saliva, age and educational level.

  • -To determine the time required for sample collection and sample attrition in this longitudinal study.

Methodology

Ethical issues

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República.

Design

Prospective, observational, longitudinal study.

Eighty-three mother-child pairs were examined at the Piedras Blancas clinic Dr. Badano Repetto, while attending the clinic for their pediatric checkups. This clinic is part of the State Health Services Administration (ASSE, for its acronym in Spanish) of the Ministry of Public Health and is located on the outskirts of Montevideo, at 4145 Capitán Tula Street.

Sample selection

The selection of mother-child binomials was made for convenience reasons. Of all the children aged 0-9 months attending pediatric checkups on Wednesday and Friday mornings for 13 months (July 2011 - August 2012). Pediatric care records were reviewed from 29-Jul-2011 to 29-Aug-2012. In this period, 36 survey visits were conducted (twice a week in the morning). At these visits, there were 55 pediatric appointments including 729 children, but only 194 were within the age range for this study.

Finally, the total number of patients reviewed was 83 mother-child binomials, who were the ones that actually attended the pediatric appointment in that period.

Of these, three binomials did not meet the inclusion criteria and ten only attended once. The final sample included 70 pairs (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1: Sample selection flowchart 

Overall healthy mothers and children took part in the study. The children included had the following characteristics: 0 to 9 months of age with or without teeth, whose first saliva sample tested negative for MS. Binomials in which either member had a systemic disease were excluded. In the case of medical treatment with antibiotics, saliva sampling was delayed at least ten days after the treatment was completed.

Calibration and established criteria

The operators were two dentists specialized in Pediatric Dentistry, calibrated for the World Health Organisation (WHO) DFM-T caries index (decayed, filled, and missing teeth). The Kappa intra-operator test value obtained was 0.95 for operator 1 and 0.96 for operator 2. The resulting inter-operator Kappa value was 0.98. Criteria on the presence or absence of visible plaque, gingivitis, white spots and cavitations were agreed on. According to other studies, two operational definitions were established: a) “acquisition”: time when the presence of the microorganism in saliva is detected, and b) “patient with stable colonization” (permanent microorganism acquisition): after two consecutive MS-positive saliva samples(26) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2: Operational definitions on MS contamination in salivary flora 

Data collection

The following was done on mother-child binomials:

  • -mothers: medical history, structured survey and one-time collection of approximately 3 ml of unstimulated saliva in sterile bottles at the start of the study.

  • -children: medical history and saliva sample taken with plastic loop (Beighton technique) at each checkup, until MS was detected in two consecutive samples.

The structured survey recorded names, socio-demographic variables, mother and child eating habits, behaviors conducive to transmissibility, oral hygiene habits of the mother and child, among others.

The clinical examination was performed in a medical office with LED frontoluz lighting (located on the operator’s forehead). The mother’s DMF-T examination was performed visually, with a dental mirror and a sickle probe. Unstimulated saliva was collected once in a sterile bottle.

The child’s clinical examination was performed visually, with the infant on the mother’s lap. The infant’s saliva was sampled with a sterile plastic loop at each appointment.

Saliva samples were identified with the participant’s ID number, stored in ice, transferred and processed no later than four hours after collection.

The infant’s saliva was processed by placing it in 1 ml of sterile saline solution; 0.1 ml was taken and expanded with a glass rod in Gold medium (culture medium selective for MS). Three dilutions were made from the mother’s saliva sample, placing 9 ml of buffer solution in each tube and diluting 1 ml in the first tube, from which 1 ml was transferred to the second tube and from there 1 ml to the third tube. From the last two dilutions, 0.1 ml of each was streaked in Gold medium.

Plates were incubated for 48 hours in the oven at 37°C under anaerobic conditions; they were left at room temperature for better visualization of macroscopic morphology. Colony-forming units (CFU) were read and counted and biochemical tests were performed for identification purposes.

The fieldwork lasted 29 months in total.

Results

Population characteristics

The population studied was at high risk for MS, considering their socioeconomic and cultural level, high MS count and past experience of maternal caries, mother and child’s eating and oral hygiene habits.

Time of MS acquisition and colonization

The average age of acquisition in this group was 16.4 months (±4.13).

Of the 20 children who completed the study, 4 had temporary acquisition, at an average age of 10.6 months (±1.11).

The average age of colonization was 18.6 months (±3.80). Seventy-five per cent of colonized children had molars and 25% erupted incisors (Table 1).

Table 1: Type of MS contamination (acquisition/colonization) correlated with age and erupted teeth 

The children contaminated with MS had a minimum count of 1X10² CFU and a maximum count of 2.5x10⁴, with an average of 2x10³.

Although on average girls were colonized earlier than boys, this difference was not found to be significant applying the Cox model (p-value = 0.61).

Maternal factors

All the mothers were colonized with MS, with an average value of 1.94 x10 CFU, with a range between 1x10³ and 3.59 x106 CFU.

The mother’s average age was 23.8 (± 6.5). (chart 1)

Mothers had completed 8.2 (±1.9) years of education (basic cycle incomplete) on average. (chart 2)

Survival data models were used to develop charts 1 and 2, which show no statistically significant differences between age (p-value = 0.65) and maternal education (p-value = 0.21), and the child’s colonization age.

Chart 1: Relationship between mother’s age and infant’s colonization age 

Chart 2: Relationship between mother’s education and infant’s colonization age 

Sample attrition

Eighty-three mother-child binomials were invited to participate in the study; 10 did not agree to participate and 3 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria (Table 2). In the end, 70 mother-child pairs participated in the study. The highest attrition occurred between the 2nd and 5th sample collection, when 64.27% of participants left (n=45). Total attrition over the 29 months of the study was 71.42% (n=50) (Table 3).

Of the total number of mother-child pairs who withdrew from the study, 88.9% (n= 48) did so for undetermined reasons and 11.1% (n= 6) because the family had moved or changed health care providers.

Table 2: Binomials not included in the study during the sampling process 

Table 3: Sample attrition during the study period, classified according to gender 

Discussion

In young children, the early colonization of dental plaque by MS is important, as well as its relationship with the increased risk of developing early childhood33 caries. Several countries have studies that relate this early colonization to different factors such as socioeconomic and cultural level, eating habits, sex and age, among others.

In Uruguay, there are no epidemiological data in this age group, possibly because of how difficult it is to access this population, its mobility patterns, the length of the study and the high costs. Additionally, research in these groups requires specialized operators.

Caufield et al. (USA)18) set the “window of infectivity” for MS at an average age of 26 months, and Florio et al.26) (Brazil) at 17.5 months (±4.8). This study finds that colonization occurs at 18.6 (±3.80) months of age, results that are closer to the values found by Florio et al. Likewise, Florio et al. found a mean acquisition age of 15.3 (±4.6), and the value in this study was 16.4 (±4.13).

In brief, the values found in this study in terms of age of acquisition and colonization were similar to those of Florio et al. from Brazil (p-value = 0.221 and 0.209 respectively), while a statistically significant difference was observed regarding the findings of Caufield et al. in the United States (p-value < 0.001) according to the Wilcoxon rank test (Chart 3).

Chart 3: Comparison of the distribution of time of MS colonization and acquisition 

The results according to sex observed in this study are consistent with what Caufield et al. reported, since girls became infected with MS earlier than boys, but the difference found was not significant (p-value = 0.61).

It is difficult to compare studies from different countries as there are differences between different populations (eating habits, sociocultural factors, oral hygiene practices, microbiological differences and MS levels) in addition to variations in the methodology used in sample collection and processing techniques.

Although several authors4,17, including Florio et al., describe the presence of the microorganism in edentulous children, this could not be confirmed in this study26.

Regarding dental caries, this study found that 15% of colonized children developed caries. However, Florio et al. (Brazil, 2004) reported that 23% of colonized children had caries, while Wan et al. (Australia 2003) found that only 9% developed dental caries. These differences can surely be explained through socioeconomic and cultural factors that should be studied4,26.

The sample attrition recorded in this study (71.42% over 29 months) is much higher than that reported by Florio et al. (21.2% in 24 months) and Wan et al. (32.4% in 24 months). Caufield et al.'s five-year study does not report any attrition. These results are probably related to the local health system, the safety of health controls in place and other sociocultural factors of the population studied4,18,26.

Conclusions

The presence of MS is one of the risk factors described in ECC and Severe Early Childwood caries along with dietary and behavioral factors. This pilot study was useful to obtain national data that will make it possible to design more comprehensive studies taking into account local difficulties.

The colonization values found were similar to those of Florio et al. in Brazil, with significant differences observed with those found by Caufield et al. in the United States, perhaps due to cultural similarities or the populations selected.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank:

Our tutors, Prof. Dr. Ma del Carmen López Jordi MSc, Statistician Ramón Álvarez MSc, Prof. Dr. Virginia Papone.

The following professionals, who helped us process samples: Dr. Josua Álamo, Dr. Gabriela Morteo and Dr. Carolina Verolo.

Librarians Claudia Silvera, Carina Patrón and Verónica Pérez.

The RAP authorities.

The authorities of the Piedras Blancas Clinic, especially Dr. Giselle Benítez, and to the nursing staff.

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Authorship contribution: 1) Conception and design of study 2) Acquisition of data 3) Data analysis 4) Discussion of results 5) Drafting of the manuscript 6) Approval of the final version of the manuscript. IC has contributed in: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. GG has contributed in: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Editor’s opinion: This article has been accepted by the Odontoestomatología’s editor Dra. Vanessa Pereira-Prado

Received: December 11, 2017; Accepted: November 01, 2019

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