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Revista Uruguaya de Cardiología

versión On-line ISSN 1688-0420

Resumen

KAPITAN, Miguel et al. El consumo crónico de clorhidrato y/o pasta base de cocaína asocia envejecimiento arterial prematuro y aumento del riesgo cardiovascular. Rev.Urug.Cardiol. [online]. 2014, vol.29, n.3, pp.299-310. ISSN 1688-0420.

Summary  Introduction: cocaine consumption, in particular cocaine base paste, is a major health problem, among other factors, its incidence, impact, and the age group involved. Multiple cardiovascular effects have been described in association with cocaine use but the impact in the short/medium-term chronic use of hydrochloride cocaine and cocaine base paste in the arterial system in young subjects has not been studied. Objective: to determine the prevalence of changes (alterations) arterial structural and/or functional in young cocaine or its derivatives users Method: 29 subjects (age: 20-35 years; 27 men) with toxicological criteria for cocaine dependence, over 2 years old and less than one month withdrawal were included. Clinical and paraclinical evaluation was conducted to quantify the global cardio-vascular risk (10-years Framingham Risk Score for cardiovascular disease). The studies included determination of: 1) presence of carotid atheromatous plaques and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT; color and B-mode ultra sound and specific software), 2) assessment of regional aortic stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV), 3) evaluation of central aortic pulse pressure by applanation tonometry, 4) ankle-brachial index, by oscillometry and 5) vascular reactivity (endothelial function) by flow mediated dilatation (FMD) with B-mode ultra sound and specific software. The vascular age (VA) was calculated by multiparametric analysis. The arterial aging (AA) was defined as the difference between the VA and chronological age. The obtained data were compared with normal values (control subjects). Results: 29 patients were evaluated, 10 patients were users of hydrochloride cocaine, 3 cocaine base paste and 16 of both substances. 90% of patients were smokers (mean consumption: 14.4 cigarettes/day). Although no patient had PWV values above 10 m/s, 63,6% had levels of PWV between p50 and p90 and 13,6% above the p90, indicating that 77% of them presented by PWV over p50. Regarding the CIMT, 8% of the patients studied had levels above 0,9 mm, and 69% higher than p75 levels to age and sex. The endothelial function analysis showed that 13,6% of patients had no arterial dilation (FMD £ 0%) and 36% presented a £ 5% FMD. Finally, 33% of patients had levels of aortic pulse pressure above the threshold level (p95 of the reference control group) for gender and age. The AA was 37.1±8.4 years, indicating the existence of early arterial aging 8.1±6.2 years (range 3-24 years). Conclusion: cocaine users showed adverse subclinical level changes of the structure and function of the arteries which is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The levels obtained for different arterial parameters evaluated were consistent with those in a control population with an age 8.1±6.2 years older than the study, indicating that users of hydrochloride cocaine and cocaine base paste might present “early arterial aging.”

Palabras clave : ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; RISK FACTORS.

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